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TED英語演講：如何激發(fā)每個孩子成為終生閱讀者
As an elementary school teacher, my mom did everything she could to ensure I had good reading skills. This usually consisted of weekend reading lessons at our kitchen table while my friends played outside. My reading ability improved, but these forced reading lessons didn't exactly inspire a love of reading.
作為一名小學(xué)教師，我母親竭盡所能以確保我有良好的閱讀能力。她通常在周末時在餐桌前教我閱讀，而此時我的朋友們在外玩耍。我的閱讀能力提高了，但這種強迫式的閱讀教學(xué)并沒有激發(fā)我對閱讀的熱愛。
High school changed everything. In 10th grade, my regular English class read short stories and did spelling tests. Out of sheer boredom, I asked to be switched into another class. The next semester,I joined advanced English.
到高中時，這一切改變了。在十年級時，我的常規(guī)英文課要求閱讀短篇故事和測試拼寫。因為感覺實在無聊，我要求轉(zhuǎn)去另一門課。在下一個學(xué)期，我加入了高階英語課。
We read two novels and wrote two book reports that semester. The drastic difference and rigor between these two English classes angered me and spurred questions like, "Where did all these white people come from?"
那學(xué)期，我們要讀兩本小說并寫兩篇讀書報告。這兩門英語課之間的巨大差異和嚴(yán)格程度讓我很生氣也引發(fā)了像這樣的問題，“這些白人是從哪來的?”
My high school was over 70 percent black and Latino, but this advanced English class had white students everywhere. This personal encounter with institutionalized racism altered my relationship with reading forever. I learned that I couldn't depend on a school, a teacher or curriculum to teach me what I needed to know. And more out of like, rebellion, than being in tell ectual, I decided I would no longer allow other people to dictate when and what I read. And without realizing it, I had stumbled upon a key to helping children read. Identity.
黑裔和拉丁美洲裔學(xué)生在我的高中占學(xué)生總數(shù)的70%，但這門高階英語課上遍布著白人學(xué)生這樣的制度化種族主義的個人遭遇永久地改變了我與閱讀的關(guān)系。我發(fā)現(xiàn)我不能依賴于一個學(xué)校，一位老師或課程來教我那些我需要知道的。主要因為叛逆，而非理智，我決定我再也不會讓其他人來決定我應(yīng)該在何時閱讀以及閱讀什么。我已偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)了一把幫助孩子閱讀的鑰匙，雖然我當(dāng)時并沒有意識到這一點。那就是認(rèn)同。
Instead of fixating on skills and moving students from one reading level to another, or forcing struggling readers to memorize lists of unfamiliar words, we should be asking ourselves this question: How can we inspire children to identify as readers?
不應(yīng)只專注于技能和將學(xué)生從一個閱讀級別升到下一級，或逼迫閱讀有困難的學(xué)生去記憶不熟悉的字列，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)問我們自己這個問題：我們?nèi)绾螁l(fā)孩子們認(rèn)同自己是閱讀者?
DeSean, a brilliant first-grader I taught in the Bronx, he helped me understand how identity shapes learning. One day during math, I walk up to DeSean, and I say, "DeSean, you're a great mathematician." He looks at me and responds, "I'm not a mathematician, I'm a math genius!"
迪翔，一位我在布朗克斯區(qū)教過的聰明的一年級學(xué)生，他幫助我懂得了認(rèn)同感如何塑造學(xué)習(xí)行為。有一天在數(shù)學(xué)課上，我走向迪翔，說，”迪翔，你是個很棒的數(shù)學(xué)家�！八粗一卮鹫f，”我不是個數(shù)學(xué)家，我是個數(shù)學(xué)天才!“
OK DeSean, right? Reading? Completely different story. "Mr. Irby, I can't read. I'm never going to learn toread," he would say. I taught DeSean to read, but there are count less black boys who remain trapped in illiteracy. According to the US Department of Education, more than 85 percent of black male fourth graders are not proficientin reading.
好吧，迪翔，是吧?閱讀呢?情形完全不同。他說：“爾比先生，我不會閱讀。我永遠(yuǎn)也學(xué)不會閱讀。"我教會了迪翔去閱讀，但有無數(shù)黑人男孩們?nèi)匀皇俏拿�。根�?jù)美國教育部統(tǒng)計，超過85%的四年級黑人學(xué)生不擅長閱讀。
85 percent! The more challenges to reading children face, the more culturally competent educators need to be. Moonlighting as a stand-up comedianfor the past eight years, I understand the importance of cultural competency,which I define as the ability to translate what you want someone else to knowor be able to do into communication or experiences that they find relevant andengaging.
85%!孩子們面對的閱讀挑戰(zhàn)越多，教育者們所需要的文化能力越高。在過去八年兼職做喜劇演員時，我了解到文化能力的重要性，我認(rèn)為這種能力可以把你想要別人知道或能夠做到的，翻譯成他們認(rèn)為與之有關(guān)且愿意參與的交流或體驗。
Before going on stage, I assess an audience. Are they white, are they Latino? Are they old, young, professional, conservative? Then I curate and modify my jokes based on what I think would generate the most laughter. Whileperforming in a church, I could tell bar jokes. But that might not result inlaughter.
在上臺之前，我會評估觀眾。他們是白人?拉丁美洲人?他們年長、年輕、專業(yè)、還是保守?然后我會策劃和修改我的笑話依據(jù)我對怎樣能引發(fā)更多笑聲的考量。我在教堂表演時可以說個酒吧笑話。但可能根本沒人會笑。
As a society, we're creating reading experiences for children that are the equivalent of telling bar jokes in achurch. And then we wonder why so many children don't read. Educator and philosopher Paulo Freire believed that teaching and learning should be two-way.Students shouldn't be viewed as empty buckets to be filled with facts but as cocreators of knowledge.
在社會環(huán)境中，我們?yōu)楹⒆觽儎?chuàng)造閱讀體驗就像是在教堂里講酒吧笑話。然后我們納悶為什么這么多孩子不閱讀。教育家兼哲學(xué)家保羅·弗萊雷相信教和學(xué)應(yīng)該是雙向的。學(xué)生們不應(yīng)被看作是需要被填滿事實的空桶，而應(yīng)是知識的共同創(chuàng)作者。
Cookie-cutter curriculums and school policies that require students to sit statue-still or to work in complete silence -- these environments often exclude the individual learning needs, theinterest and expertise of children. Especially black boys.
一刀切的課程和學(xué)校政策要求學(xué)生端坐或保持安靜——這些環(huán)境通常抑制了孩子們的個體學(xué)習(xí)需求、興趣和專長。尤其是黑人男孩們。
Many of the children's books promoted to black boys focus on serious topics, like slavery, civil rights and biographies.Less than two percent of teachers in the United States are black males. And a majority of black boys are raised by single mothers. There are literally young black boys who have never seen a black man reading. Or never had a black manencourage him to read. What cultural factors, what social cues are present thatwould lead a young black boy to conclude that reading is even something he should do?
很多給黑人男孩的兒童書籍都聚焦在諸如奴隸制、公民權(quán)利和傳記這樣的嚴(yán)肅主題。黑人男性在美國教師中占比不到2%。大多數(shù)黑人男孩由單親母親撫養(yǎng)。甚至還有黑人男孩從來沒見過一個黑人男性閱讀。或從來沒有被一個黑人男性去鼓勵閱讀。有什么文化因素、社會誘因來使得一個黑人男孩覺得閱讀是一件他應(yīng)該做的事?
This is why I created Barbershop Books.It's a literacy non profit that creates child-friendly reading spaces in barbershops. The mission is simple: to help young black boys identify as readers.Lots of black boys go to the barber shop once or twice a month.
這是為什么我創(chuàng)立了理發(fā)店書籍(BarbershopBooks)。這是一個掃盲的非營利組織旨在理發(fā)店里創(chuàng)造對孩子們友好的閱讀空間。使命很簡單：就是幫助年少的黑人男孩認(rèn)同自己是閱讀者。很多黑人男孩每月去理發(fā)店一兩次。
Some see their barbers more than they see their fathers. Barbershop Books connects reading toa male-centered space and involves black men and boys' early reading experiences. This identity-based reading program uses a curated list ofchildren's books recommended by black boys. These are the books that they actually want to read.
有些孩子見到理發(fā)師的次數(shù)比見到他們父親的次數(shù)還多。理發(fā)店連接著閱讀和以男性為主導(dǎo)的空間并讓黑人男性參與到男孩早期閱讀體驗中。這個基于認(rèn)同的閱讀計劃使用由黑人男孩推薦的兒童書籍清單。這些是他們想要去讀的書。
Scholastic's 20xx Kids and Family Report found that the number one thing children look for when choosing a book is abook that will make them laugh. So if we're serious about helping black boysand other children to read when it's not required, we need to incorporate relevant male reading models into early literacy and exchange some of thechildren's books that adults love so much for funny, silly or even gross books,like "Gross Greg".
學(xué)者出版社(Scholastic)20xx年的兒童與家庭報告發(fā)現(xiàn)孩子們在選書時首先會找讓他們發(fā)笑的書。所以如果我們真要幫助黑人男孩和其他孩子去主動閱讀，而不是強迫閱讀時，我們需要將相關(guān)的男性閱讀模型融入到早期識字學(xué)習(xí)中。有些兒童書籍成人們也非常喜歡那些有趣、愚蠢、甚至惡心的書，像《惡心的格雷》(GrossGreg)(笑聲)
"You call them boogers. Greg callsthem delicious little sugars."
”你稱它為鼻屎。格雷稱它為美味的小糖�！�
That laugh, that positive reaction or grossreaction some of you just had,black boys deserve and desperately needmore of that.
那些笑聲、正面的反應(yīng)或你們有些人覺得惡心的反應(yīng)，(笑聲)
Dismantling the savage inequalities thatplague American education requires us to create reading experiences thatinspire all children to say three words: I'm a reader.
黑人男孩應(yīng)該有，并迫切需要更多。消除困擾著美國教育的野蠻不平等。需要我們創(chuàng)造閱讀體驗來激發(fā)所有孩子們說出這些詞：我是閱讀者。
Thank you.(Applause)
謝謝。(掌聲)
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