如何掌握非限定動(dòng)詞

非限定動(dòng)詞即非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，是那些不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，在人稱和數(shù)方面不受主語(yǔ)限定的，具有名詞、形容詞 和副詞的某些特征的動(dòng)詞形式，是不定式、分詞和動(dòng)名詞的總稱。要想掌握非限定動(dòng)詞，首先要熟悉英語(yǔ)的句 子成分、時(shí)態(tài)及語(yǔ)態(tài)等，然后再了解非限定動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)、形式、作用及區(qū)別等。當(dāng)然還要做些相關(guān)的習(xí)題。要 著重掌握以下內(nèi)容。
    一.非限定動(dòng)詞的否定
    not須加在非限定動(dòng)詞之前。加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣時(shí)用never代替not。
    1. 不定式的否定形式：I promised not to be late. You'dbetter not say that again.
    2.動(dòng)名詞的否定形式：Please excuse his not writing to you.
    3.分詞的否定形式：Not having done his job, he is notallowed to go out.
    4.強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)的否定形式：Though never defeated in battle, theyfinally surrendered.
    二.非限定動(dòng)詞的完成式、進(jìn)行式完成進(jìn)行式及被動(dòng)式
    1.完成式表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)（或本應(yīng)）完成，往往強(qiáng)調(diào)其動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前。
    I'm sorry to have woken you up.
    He intended to have come yesterday.
    Having failed twice, he didn't want to try again.
    2.進(jìn)行式表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行（或反復(fù)發(fā)生），有時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)某種情感。
    I pretended to be reading the newspaper.
    I don't want you to be forever finding fault with me.
    3.完成進(jìn)行式表示動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)行（或反復(fù)發(fā)生，往往與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。
    Having been standing the whole morning,I felt so tired.
    I'm sorry to have been troubling you all the time.
    4.非限定動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)是其動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，要用相應(yīng)的被動(dòng)式。
    I want this to be done again.
    I object to being criticised so stupidly.
    The letter written by Tom was funny.（過去分詞只有一般式，但自身有被動(dòng)意義。）
    三. 主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)意義的用法
    1.動(dòng)名詞用于need, require, want（需要），demand 以及deserve之后要用主動(dòng)式。
    My bike needs repairing. = My bike needs to be repaired.
    2.動(dòng)名詞用于worth之后要用主動(dòng)式。
    The book is worth reading.
    3.動(dòng)名詞在past（超過）、for（適合于）、beyond （超過）等介詞后要用主動(dòng)式。
    Those trousers are past mending.
    This is a room for sleeping in.
    4.當(dāng)不定式作定語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)又是不定式的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者時(shí)，能常用主動(dòng)式。
    I have letters to write.我要寫幾封信。（我寫—主謂關(guān)系）
    5.當(dāng)不定式作表語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)又是不定式的動(dòng)作承受者時(shí)，通常用主動(dòng)式。
    The book is easy to read.= It is easy to read the book. （讀書—?jiǎng)淤e關(guān)系）
    四、不定式不帶to的用法
    1.不定式用于Why和Why not 之后不帶to。
    Why spend so much money?
    Why not ask Susan to help you?
    2.當(dāng)介詞except、but前有do、did、does 時(shí)， 其后的不定式不帶to。
    Can't you do anything but ask silly questions?（有do，無(wú)to）
    試比較：There's nothing to do but wait.
    There's no choice but to wait.（無(wú)do，需要to）
    3.不定式在had better／rather 、 would rather／sooner, rather／sooner than等短語(yǔ)后不帶to。
    You'd better try again.
    I'd rather be told

the truth than be lied to.

  

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