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union3 Australia教學(xué)目標(biāo)
1.Words & expressions
Camp, ash(tray), dirt, valley, beyond, cave, thirst, sunburnt, system, spiritual, faith, elder, curiously, underground, starve, thus, percentage, precious, fence, task, outdoors, shave, argue;
Bonny, Italy, Italian, Kooris, aborigines, koala, dingo
Fix up, hand down, rather than, give birth to, round up, be experienced at,
2. Daily English
1) Be careful！2) Look out！3) Take care 4) Don't do... 5) You mustn't do...
3. Grammar: The -ing forms as object complement and adverbial
II. Teaching aims in developing competence
To develop the abilities of listening, speaking, reading, and writing abilities.
1. To develop the ability of communication.
2. To develop the ability of expressing prohibition and warnings.
3. To develop the ability of using -ing Form as object complement and adverbial.
4. To develop the practical skills of using English, especially in talking about a country.
III. Teaching aims in moral education
1. Learn to care for others and the collective, help each other, and defend students themselves.
2. Arouse students' consciousness of protecting the animals and plants and the environments.
3. Develop the spirit of love of the motherland
教學(xué)建議
教學(xué)教法：
Lesson 9 Dialogue
The main purpose of this unit is to train students' listening and speaking ability. Through learning the way of expressing prohibition and warnings the students are enabled to use the expressions of reminding people in daily life and develop the spirit of care for people and help each other and also through learning about the content of the dialogue students are reminded of protecting the nature.
Teaching key points
1. Input the dialogue as a whole and make the students grasp the dialogue. At the same time
students can make similar dialogue related to the daily life, reminding them of the importance of protecting the nature.
2. After the understanding of the reading materials about Australia, help students to talk about China, their motherland, using what they have learned in the texts, showing students' love of our country.
Teaching special difficulties
1. The understanding of the use -ing Form and the use of it.
2. Making prohibition and warnings and giving replies.
Teaching methods
The Social Communicative Method
The Information communicative style
Teaching aids
Blackboard; computer; OHP(overhead projector); tape recorder; related pictures of this unit
詞語辨析：
1．keep out, keep away, keep off
keep out ( 可以分開)表示“不使……入內(nèi)；把……留在外面”。如：
Shut the windows and keep the cold out.
Danger! Keep out！ 危險(xiǎn)！切勿入內(nèi)！
keep away（可分開，后接from）表示“使……不靠近”。如：
Keep away from me. I’ve got a bad cold.
Parents should keep their small children away from rivers.
keep off （可分開）表示“使……離開；從……離開”
They made a big fire to keep wild animals off.
Keep off the grass. 請(qǐng)勿踐踏草地。
2．suit, suitable 和fit的用法區(qū)別
1） suitable 的動(dòng)詞形式是suit, 與動(dòng)詞fit都有“合適”之意，但也有區(qū)別。以衣服為例，fit是指大小尺寸合適，而suit則是表示衣服穿著很好看，包括款式和花式都合適。如：
2） （1）Do you think this style suits me? 你覺得這種款式適合我穿嗎？
�。�2）These shoes don’t fit me—have you got a larger size?
這鞋我穿著不合適——你們有大一點(diǎn)的嗎？
�。�3）It doesn't suit you to have your hair cut short.你頭發(fā)剪短了不好看。
�。�4）The seven o'clock train will suit us very well.七點(diǎn)鐘的火車對(duì)我們正合適。
３)形容詞suitable后可接for sth.和to sb. 。如：
�。�1）I don't think I should be suitable for the post.我認(rèn)為自己不適合這個(gè)職位。
�。�2）The work was not suitable to me. 那工作不適合我。
４) 形容詞fit后只能接介詞for,且句子主語多用人表示。
�。�1）The new manager isn’t fit for his position.新經(jīng)理不勝任他的職務(wù)。
�。�2）would be months before he was fit for work.要過幾個(gè)月他才能適合工作。
(3)My sister is just fit for a job as teacher.我妹妹正適合教師這一工作。
（4）The prime minister was a wise, honest man who was more fit for his office anyone else.
首相是個(gè)聰明、誠實(shí)的人，比任何人都稱職。
3．live by與live on的用法區(qū)別
live by 意為“以……為生”，by后接動(dòng)名詞，表示方式；live on 也作“以……為主”解釋，但on后接名詞，表示主語主要吃什么，即主食是什么或表示主語的收入。如：
�。�1）They lived by fishing and hunting. 他們靠海獵為生。
�。�2）The six Indian blind men lived by begging.這六個(gè)印度盲人靠乞討為生。
�。�3）People in the south live on rice.南方人以大米為主食。
�。�4）They lived on a small income. 他們靠微薄的收入維持生活。
4．take place與 happen的用法
固定詞組take place意為發(fā)生，舉行，多指舉行活動(dòng)，發(fā)生某事（可指發(fā)生好事或不好的事），happen多指發(fā)生意外事故，不幸的事。如：
�。�1）The opening of the play will take place tomorrow night. 劇的首演式將于明晚舉行。（take place不能用happen代換）
�。�2）The accident took place only a block from my home. 事故發(fā)生地離我家只一個(gè)街區(qū)。（took place 可以用happened代換）
▲動(dòng)詞happen以及詞組take place, break out 等只能用作不及物動(dòng)詞，不能用被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式。如：
(1)The car accident happened last week. 交通事故發(fā)生在上星期。（不能說：The car accident was happened last week.）
(2) The war broke out in October. 戰(zhàn)爭于10月份爆發(fā)。（不能說：The war was broken out in October.）
注意：詞組take sb.’s place 或take the place of sb. / sth. 意為代替某人，某物，不可與take place混淆。如：
�。�1）My brother is ill, and I’ve come to take his place.我兄弟生病了，所以我來代替他。
�。�2）Plastics have taken the place of many old materials.塑料已經(jīng)取代許多舊材料。
5．比較的修飾及倍數(shù)的表達(dá)方法
形容詞或副詞比較級(jí)前，加上某個(gè)狀語成分，會(huì)使比較意義有所增強(qiáng)。例如：
�。�1）This book is three times larger than that one.這本書比那本書大三倍。
（2）They produced 15 % more rice last year than they did in 1990.
去年他們的水稻產(chǎn)量比1990年的產(chǎn)量增加了百分之十五。
注意：以上可歸納為句型：“A is … times + adj. / adv. (比較級(jí))+ than B.”
另外這一句型還可轉(zhuǎn)化為句型“A is … times as + adj. / (原級(jí))+as B.”例如：
�。�1）At least, the train runs 6 times as fast as the boat.
火車的速度至少為小船速度的六倍。
�。�2）After the experiment, the plant is four times as tall as it was before.
在實(shí)驗(yàn)以后，這種植物為過去高度的四倍。
Grammar教學(xué)建議
Before class ask Ss to sum up the use of –ing Form and in class the teacher may have a contest among Ss who have been divided into two or several groups to see which group has done the job best. In this way Ss will usually have a good preparation of their work and will be willing to do what seems boring to them, which is the necessity to learn well. The teacher may add what has been left out and have a summary. After that, enough exercises are needed to help Ss to use, understand, remember and master what they have learned. Only through the use of the language can Ss really get what they are required to get.
Grammar-- -ing Form
Revising the use of –ing forms of the verbs and make Ss grasp the use of it.
I. v+ing 的句法功能：
1.作主語�？芍苯幼髦髡Z， 表示一般抽象概念時(shí)，可以與不定式互換，但在句型“It is no use/good”等候一般用動(dòng)名詞。
e.g. It is no good smoking too much.
Seeing is believing.
2. 作賓語。有些動(dòng)詞可以直接跟v.-ing作賓語，
如：mind, miss, enjoy, escape, prevent, practice, postpone, suffer, suggest, keep(on), avoid, admit, bear, deny, advise, delay, risk, resist, finish, fancy, excuse, imagine, consider, can’t help,
下列 “vi.+介詞或副詞” 構(gòu)成的短語動(dòng)詞，后接v.-ing作賓語。
succeed in, approve of, persevere in, inquire of, persist in, complain of, insist on, aim at, benefit from, burst out, can not help, be busy (in), be on the point of, feel like, guard against, give up, go on , keep on, leave off, put off , be used to, object to, be accustomed to, refer to, be opposed to, stick to, be dedicated to, be devoted to ,look forward to, turn to, come near to, devote oneself to, due to, pay attention to, be faithful to ,be equal to, be familiar to, be sentenced to…
e.g. We enjoy learning English.
He insisted on seeing the exhibition.
I am looking forward to seeing you.
The mayor considered building a new town-hall.
3. 作表語。作表語表示主語的內(nèi)容或表示狀態(tài)，說明主語的特點(diǎn)（ 這是主語是v.-ing形式的執(zhí)行者）。
e.g. Our aim is studying English well.
His speech is very exciting.
4. 作定語。 表示主動(dòng)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句， 表示動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行；或說明用途或作用。(單個(gè)一詞作定語，須放在所修飾詞的前面；短語作定語須放在所修飾詞的后面)
e.g. The lady talking (who is talking) with him is a doctor.
Will the swimming pool be open?
The man walking by the lake is a scientist.
5. 作補(bǔ)語。作賓語有兩個(gè)特征：一是賓語與 v.– ing 有主謂關(guān)系,且賓語是v+ing動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者；二是v.+-ing形式所表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。
e.g. We heard the boy crying there.
You can see them performing every night.
When I entered the room, I found him listening to the radio.
跟 v+ing 作補(bǔ)語的詞常是感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞，如notice, see, hear, watch, get, feel, have, find, keep, observe, look at, listen to, smell etc.
6. 作狀語。常作表示原因、時(shí)間、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、伴隨或方式狀語。其邏輯主語是句子的主語且句子的主語是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者。
e.g. Being blind, how could they see an elephant?
He sat at the desk reading a book.
Seeing from the hill, we find the city beautiful.
II. NOTES
V+ing 形式一般式和完成式，有主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)，共四種形式，以tell為例
asking being asked
having asked having been asked
一般式表示與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)（或在其后）發(fā)生；進(jìn)行式表示發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前。
e.g. He is proud of being learned. (He is proud that he is learned.)
I am sure of John’s coming in time. (I am sure that John will come in time.)
I am sure of his having been elected. ( I am that he has been elected.)
V+ing 的否定形式是在V+ing前加 not.
e.g. What is troubling them is their not having enough knowledge about computer.
Not taking any biscuits that morning, we had nothing to eat later.
有些動(dòng)詞接不定式和V+ing，意思基本一樣。如begin, start, continue, plan, can’t bear, like, love, hate, prefer, intend…
e.g. Let’s continue to study/ studying law. (讓我們繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)法律。)
但，有些表示系惡的動(dòng)詞，如like, love, hate, prefer, intend …，接v+ing 表示一般的喜惡，接不定式表示特別的情況。
e.g. I don’t like going to the theatre alone.（一般情況）
I’d like to go to the theatre if you with me.（特殊）
下列動(dòng)詞或短語，need, want, require, bear, demand, be worth… 接v+ing 的主動(dòng)形式，表示被動(dòng)意義， 與接不定式的被動(dòng)形式意義大致相同。
e.g. This problem needs looking into. (This problem needs to be looked into. )
This book is worth reading twice. (This book is worth to be read twice.)
在下列動(dòng)詞或短語后，如，stop, remember, forget, regret, try, mean, go on, go afraid…
可以接v+ing 也可以接不定式，但意義不同。
e.g. I remember to fill out the form.(我記得要填表。)（表示動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生。）
I remember filling out the form.(我記得一天表了。)（表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生了。）
I stopped to eat. （我停下別的事，來吃飯。）（停止手中事去做另一件事。）
I stopped eating. （我停止吃飯。）（停止正做的事。）
I regret to say I can’t stay here any longer. （我很抱歉的說我不能在此久留。）（表示動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生。）
I regret leaving/having left you. （我后悔離開了你。）（表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生了。）
He tried to write better. （我力圖把字寫得好些。）（設(shè)法， 努力去做，盡力。。。）
He tried knocking at the back door. （他試著悄悄后門。）（試試去做<看看有何結(jié)果>）
I should like to be rich. (but I am poor.) (我很想富有。（但我很窮）)
I like being rich. (I am rich.) （我喜歡富有。 （我已富有））
I forget to bring my umbrella. （我忘記帶傘了。）（表示動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生。）
I will never forget seeing you. （我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記見到你的情景。）（表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生了。）
I meant to call on him. （我想去看望他。）（打算做。。。）
This means wasting time. （ 這就意味著浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。）（意味著； 也就是。。。）
Having washed the clothes, I went on to sweep the floor. （我洗衣服接著就掃地。）（干完一件事，接著干另一件事。）
They went on doing their work after a short rest. （他們休息一會(huì)兒，又繼續(xù)干活了。）（一直做同一件事。）
The enemy was afraid to come after us. （敵人不敢追我們。）（不敢去做一件事。）
She was afraid of making mistakes. （她怕犯錯(cuò)誤。） （害怕某一結(jié)果。）
補(bǔ)充常用v+ing 的句型。
1．go＋doing 的結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“去干某事”的意思，多指從事與體育、娛樂有關(guān)的活動(dòng)。例如：
go fishing 去釣魚 go hunting去打獵 go riding 去騎馬
go shopping 去購物 go dancing 去跳舞 go climbing去爬山
go boating 去劃船 go climbing 去爬山 go shooting 去射擊
go farming 去務(wù)農(nóng) go teaching從教 go nursing 當(dāng)護(hù)士
go soldiering 當(dāng)兵 go nutting 采堅(jiān)果
2．There is no + v+ing 表示“是不可能的”
e.g. There is no knowing how old shi is.
= It is impossible to know how old she is.
= We don’t know how old she is.
3. on + v+ing 表示“一。。。就。。�！�
e.g. On hearing this news, I changed my plan.
4. have difficulty, trouble, a problem, a hard/good time,（等表示情感的詞） +(in)+v+ing.表示“。。。有困難（麻煩。。。）”
e.g. We have difficulty (in) solving the problem.
5. keep, stop, restrain, hold + Sb. / Sth.+ from + v+ing… 表示“阻止某人/某物做謀事”
e.g. Nothing can stop me from going to school.
V+ing 在句中作賓語 、表語或主語時(shí)，如果它的邏輯主語和句子的主語不一樣時(shí)，要有自己的邏輯主語。用“物主代詞、名詞所有格、名詞通格、代詞賓格”在 v+ing 前面表示邏輯主語。作賓語和表語時(shí)，常用物主代詞、所有格、通格、賓格；作主語時(shí)，常用所有格和物主代詞。
e.g. Their coming to help us was a great encouragement to us.
Does he object to Xiao Ming’s joining the amateur drama group?
I don’t like my sister’s going to such a place. (=I don’t like my sister going to such a place.)
Please excuse my/me troubling you with my problems.
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)(Absolute Construction)
狀語有時(shí)可以由一名或代詞和另一個(gè)成分構(gòu)成的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)擔(dān)任，稱為獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。常見的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)有下面幾類：
1） 名詞或代詞+分詞
e.g. He lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.
The storm having destroyed their small room, they had to live in a cave.
2）名詞或代詞+形容詞
e.g. He entered the room, his nose red with cold.
3）名詞或代詞+副詞
e.g. he put on his socks wrong side out.
4）名詞或代詞+不定式
e.g. Here are the first two volumes, the third one to cone out next month.
5）名詞或代詞+介詞短語
e.g. The two soldiers went up the mountain, gun in hand
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