高一英語(yǔ)第十單元Sports (體育運(yùn)動(dòng))

科目 英語(yǔ)
年級(jí) 高一
文件　high1 unit10.1.doc
標(biāo)題 Sports (體育運(yùn)動(dòng))
章節(jié) 第十單元
關(guān)鍵詞
內(nèi)容
一、教法建議
【拋磚引玉】
在 Sports 這一單元，同學(xué)們將充分了解奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì) （the Olympic Games 或者 the Olympics ）。當(dāng) 1896 年的奧運(yùn)圣火在希臘雅典重新點(diǎn)燃的時(shí)候，人們開(kāi)始認(rèn)識(shí)到，奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)生活中將越來(lái)越顯示出它的重要地位和作用。它以競(jìng)技的形式，將不同國(guó)籍、不同膚色的人民緊緊聯(lián)系在一起，人們?cè)谖瀛h(huán)旗下找到了自己的朋友，奧林匹克成為一種公用的世界語(yǔ)言。奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)是由國(guó)際奧林匹克委員會(huì)舉辦的多項(xiàng)目的世界綜合性運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)，每四年舉辦一次。
古代奧運(yùn)會(huì)從公元前 776 年在有眾神之王宙斯神廟的奧林匹亞村舉行到公元 393 年間，共舉行過(guò) 293 次。393 年羅馬帝國(guó)入侵希臘后，羅馬皇帝狄?jiàn)W多西下令廢止奧運(yùn)會(huì)，并燒毀了運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)建筑。522 和 511 年的兩次強(qiáng)烈地震，把奧林匹亞深深埋在地下。從此，奧運(yùn)會(huì)被人民忘記了。1894 年 6 月，34 國(guó)在巴黎召開(kāi)國(guó)際體育大會(huì)，成立了國(guó)際奧林匹克委員會(huì)，并定于 1896 年4 月6 日至 15 日在希臘雅典舉行一一屆現(xiàn)代奧運(yùn)會(huì)。以后每四年舉行一次，如因故不能舉行，奧運(yùn)會(huì)的屆數(shù)照算。
現(xiàn)在奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)的比賽項(xiàng)目有：田徑、足球、游泳、籃球、排球、曲棍球、體操、射擊、舉重、自行車(chē)、摔跤、柔道、射箭、擊劍、手球、網(wǎng)球、乒乓球、羽毛球等以及冬奧運(yùn)會(huì)滑冰、滑雪、冰球、有舵雪橇與無(wú)舵雪橇五項(xiàng)和現(xiàn)代冬季兩項(xiàng)（滑雪 + 射擊）。
奧運(yùn)會(huì)的標(biāo)志是由五種不同顏色的環(huán)圈連接而成，環(huán)環(huán)相扣，分別代表歐洲（天藍(lán)色）、亞洲（黃色）、非洲（黑色）、澳洲（草綠色）、美洲（紅色），象征五大洲的團(tuán)結(jié)；奧運(yùn)會(huì)的會(huì)旗以白色為底，以五環(huán)為圖案，表示所有民族的運(yùn)動(dòng)員友誼，公平坦率的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。
奧運(yùn)會(huì)的圣火象征光明，古代與現(xiàn)代奧運(yùn)會(huì)薪傳不斷，在早期的奧運(yùn)會(huì)中，圣火是在奧林匹克法院的奧林匹亞希臘女神赫拉廟旁，用凹面鏡聚焦日光點(diǎn)燃，然后通過(guò)長(zhǎng)途火炬接力，于奧運(yùn)會(huì)開(kāi)幕的頭一天到達(dá)舉辦城市，點(diǎn)燃塔上的火炬，直到奧運(yùn)會(huì)閉幕，塔上的火焰才熄滅。1936年柏林奧運(yùn)會(huì)采用現(xiàn)代圣火，此后沿襲至今。
中國(guó)人民對(duì)奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)有深厚的感情。在前進(jìn)發(fā)展的道路上，我們深刻體會(huì)到體育的特殊社會(huì)功能，體會(huì)到奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)是促進(jìn)和維護(hù)人類和平發(fā)展的強(qiáng)大動(dòng)力。奧運(yùn)會(huì)是一項(xiàng)大規(guī)模的國(guó)際性社會(huì)活動(dòng)，它受到全社會(huì)特別是體育愛(ài)好者的關(guān)注。奧運(yùn)會(huì)不僅對(duì)發(fā)展體育運(yùn)動(dòng)，增進(jìn)國(guó)際間的體育交往起著巨大的促進(jìn)作用，同時(shí)也是增進(jìn)世界各國(guó)文化交流、增強(qiáng)各國(guó)人民友誼的橋梁之一。
正如第 38 課中所述：The Olympic motto is “Swifter , Higher , Stronger .”(奧運(yùn)會(huì)的箴言是：更快、更高、更強(qiáng)) It means that every athlete should try to run faster , jump higher and throw further . They do their best to win medals . In 1988 Olympic Games in Barcelona the Chinese team got 16 gold medals , of which 12 were won by women .
在學(xué)習(xí)本單元之前，我們還應(yīng)了解中國(guó)選手在亞特蘭大表現(xiàn)出的震撼人心的英雄主義精神。孫福明賽前就爽快地說(shuō)：“我來(lái)這里就是要金牌的�！蓖踯娤荚谧约旱母表�(xiàng)女子 5000 米沖刺中，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)甩下對(duì)手，沖向終點(diǎn)，博得觀眾席上如潮的掌聲。
這是一種必勝的信念，必勝的氣概 ！ 中國(guó)人民就有那種戰(zhàn)勝一切困難、壓倒一切對(duì)手的自信。16 個(gè)日夜，億萬(wàn)中國(guó)人民同征戰(zhàn)亞特蘭大的英雄兒女心心相印。在神州大地，為中國(guó)體育健兒助威的歡呼猶如滾滾春雷，響徹大江南北，匯成一個(gè)強(qiáng)音：“中國(guó)隊(duì)，加油！”人們笑看乒乓四金悉入囊中，人們暢論王軍霞健步如飛摘金奪銀，人們贊賞年輕的大力士占旭剛一舉打破三項(xiàng)世界記錄的威猛 …… 那是一種尊嚴(yán)的體驗(yàn)、一種豪情的抒發(fā)、一種光榮的分享、一種志氣的高揚(yáng)。體育健兒取得的驕人的戰(zhàn)績(jī)和氣貫長(zhǎng)虹的英雄氣概，向世人昭示：一個(gè)偉大的民族正在崛起、正在振興。中國(guó)不再是無(wú)足輕重的角色，中國(guó)人不必仰慕別人的成功，完全可以為自己的光榮感到自豪，中華民族不愧是一個(gè)偉大的民族。
中國(guó)體育健兒的拼搏，展示了中國(guó)人勇于勝利、奮斗不息的精神風(fēng)貌，證明中華民族不僅在體質(zhì)上而且在意志品質(zhì)上十分強(qiáng)健，令人欽佩�！把嗯_(tái)一去客心驚，蕭鼓喧喧漢將營(yíng)。萬(wàn)里寒光生積雪，三邊曙色動(dòng)危旌�！蔽覀兛梢詮呐�足隊(duì)員飛身?yè)寯嘀畜w會(huì)到那種（曙色動(dòng)危旌）的悲壯，可以從伏明霞驚世的一跳再跳中體會(huì)到（寒光生積雪）的險(xiǎn)峻，在力量與意志的較量中，不管中國(guó)運(yùn)動(dòng)員拿到的是金牌、銀牌、銅牌，或者沒(méi)有拿到獎(jiǎng)牌，都充分展示了一個(gè)民族應(yīng)有的風(fēng)范。
作為中學(xué)生，應(yīng)通過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)本單元后從靈魂的深處感觸到“自古英雄多磨難，從來(lái)紈绔少偉男”。賽場(chǎng)上的輝煌，從來(lái)是與艱辛相伴的。沒(méi)有超人的付出，就沒(méi)有驚人的收獲。要想讓祖國(guó)的榮譽(yù)、人民的期望隨國(guó)旗高升，隨國(guó)歌高奏，我們每一個(gè)華夏兒女都要有不達(dá)目的誓不罷休的拼搏精神。愛(ài)國(guó)主義是具體的，是我們把它融入千錘百煉的艱辛里，融入超越自我的攀登中。在 21 世紀(jì)的悉尼奧運(yùn)會(huì)上，我們完全相信中國(guó)體育健兒會(huì)更加斗志昂揚(yáng)，戰(zhàn)績(jī)輝煌。
同學(xué)們，讓我們張開(kāi)雙臂去擁抱 21 世紀(jì)第一輪升起在奧運(yùn)會(huì)賽場(chǎng)的驕陽(yáng)，讓我們?cè)谇f嚴(yán)的五環(huán)旗下繼續(xù)譜寫(xiě)壯美的奧林匹克華彩樂(lè)章 ！
【指點(diǎn)迷津】
A. 大綱規(guī)定的單元日常核心交際用語(yǔ)指南
Preference (偏愛(ài))
● Idiomatic Sentences 功能套語(yǔ) 30 句
1. - Which is your favourite month ? 你最喜歡哪個(gè)月份 ？
- I think May is the best month . 我認(rèn)為五月是最好的月份。
2. I prefer to work in the sales department . 我寧愿在銷售部工作。
3. What job do you prefer ? 你喜愛(ài)什么工作 ？
4. They prefer working to doing nothing . 他們喜歡工作，不愿碌碌無(wú)為。
注意句型：prefer sth + to sth , prefer + to do rather than + do , prefer + doing + to +doing
5. Which do you prefer , riding a bike or taking a bus ?
6. I would rather walk home with Xiao Ming .
7. I\'d rather give up my opinion . It\'s no use making such a plan .
8. I would rather you took his advice . 我寧愿你接受他的建議。
注意：would rather 后的賓語(yǔ)從句中用過(guò)去時(shí)表達(dá)現(xiàn)在或者將來(lái)的時(shí)間。如果句中有表達(dá)過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，并于從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。如：I would rather you had visited that county last year . 你要是去年參觀了那個(gè)縣就好了。
9. Which colour do you prefer , red or black ?
10. My mother would prefer me not to dress in black . 我媽媽不喜歡我穿黑色的。
11. I would rather have the small one than the big one .
12. Do you like fried egg better ? 你比較喜歡油炸的雞蛋嗎 ？
13. Do you like oranges better than apples ? 你喜歡橘子勝于蘋(píng)果嗎 ？
14. Would you rather stay here or go back home ?
15. We can travel by air or by train . What do you say ?
16. Do you find stamp collecting or gardening more to your taste ?
17. How do Marx and Jones compare , in your opinion ? 在你看來(lái)，馬克和瓊斯相比怎么樣 ？
18. We could put off the meeting . I leave it to you to decide .
19. As far as I am concerned , living in a cottage is more comfortable than living in a flat . 就我來(lái)說(shuō)，生活在鄉(xiāng)村小屋比生活在公寓里更舒服。
20. For me , the best thing is to take a rest .
21. I enjoy watching TV plays in my spare time . 我喜歡在閑時(shí)看電視劇。
22. If possible , I\'d prefer to have a drink .
23. On the whole , I find riding a bike more enjoyable than riding a bus . 總的來(lái)說(shuō)，我覺(jué)得騎自行車(chē)比乘公共汽車(chē)更愉快。
24. There is nothing I like / enjoy more than modern dance . 我最喜歡現(xiàn)代舞。
25. Fishing is a lovely way of spending a day off . 釣魚(yú)是度假的好辦法。
26. I can\'t tell you how much I like soft cheese . 我無(wú)法對(duì)你形容我是多么喜歡軟奶酪。
27. You can have Thursday or Friday off , what do you say ?
28. Frankly , I don\'t like the music of the 18th century . 坦白地說(shuō)，我不喜歡18 世紀(jì)的音樂(lè)。
29. To be honest , I don\'t feel like eating anything today . 說(shuō)真的，今天我什么都不喜歡吃。
30. Rather than take a bus , I prefer to take a plane .
● Model Dialogues (交際示范)
A
A：Would you like some fruit , Rose ?
B：Yes , please .
A：Which do you prefer , apples or bananas ?
B：I prefer apples to bananas . I think apples are more delicious than bananas .
A：OK , here are some apples . But I\'d rather have some bananas .
　
B
A：Do you often have sports at school ?
B：Of course . I love sports .
A：Which do you prefer , horse-riding or shooting ?
B：Shooting . Do you like shooting ?
A：I prefer horse-riding to shooting .
B：What about wrestling and sailing ?
A：Both of them are exciting , but I\'d rather watch them .
B：Me too .
　
C
A：Hello , what can I do for you ?
B：Do you have any salad ?
A：Yes . Would you like the Caesar\'s salad or fruit salad ?
B：I prefer Caesar\'s salad .
A：Anything to drink ?
B：Of course .
A：Coffee or tea ?
B：I prefer coffee .
　
D
Jane：Hello , Betty . Are you doing anything this Sunday ? How about going to see a film with me or would you rather see a play ?
Betty：To tell the truth , I\'d rather see a play . I don\'t care much for films . I hear a new play is on at the Grand Theatre .
Jane：Good . I\'ll see if I can get tickets for Sunday .
Betty：The thing I don\'t like on Sunday is that it\'s always so crowded . How about Friday or Saturday ?
Jane：That would be fine . I\'ll give you a call about the tickets later . Good-bye .
B. 單元重點(diǎn)新詞透視
1. exciting 作形容詞是指某事使人感到很激動(dòng)和興奮，意為“令人興奮的，令人鼓舞的”，可以作定語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。如：
It\'s an exciting experience just to walk down a New York street . 漫步紐約街頭是一件十分令人激動(dòng)的經(jīng)歷。
Skiing is more exciting than skating . 滑雪比溜冰更激動(dòng)人心。
測(cè)試要點(diǎn)：
辨析 exciting 、 excited、excitement、excite、excitedly
◇ exciting 是“令人興奮的，令人鼓舞的”，可以作定語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，其主語(yǔ)常常是物。
He told us a piece of exciting news .
The speech that he made last week proves exciting . 他上周做的報(bào)告證明是鼓舞人心的。
◇ excited 是“使興奮，被感到”，在句中做表語(yǔ)時(shí)，其主語(yǔ)常常是人。
The little boys were excited very much by the story .
At such a good news , he seemed excited all the morning . 聽(tīng)到好消息后，他整個(gè)上午都興奮不已。
◇ excitement 是名詞，常用于固定搭配 “to one\'s excitement = to the excitement of sb”(使某人興奮的是)。in excitement = excitedly 興奮地。如：
He has a weak heart , and he should avoid excitement . 他心臟虛弱，應(yīng)避免激動(dòng)。
After the meeting , he sang in excitement on his way home . 會(huì)議結(jié)束后，在回家的途中他興奮不已地唱個(gè)不停。
◇ excite 是動(dòng)詞，excitedly 是副詞。如：
The news excited us . = We were excited by the news . = We were excited to hear the news .
Don\'t excite yourself . = Don\'t be excited .
It\'s nothing to get excited about . 這沒(méi)有什么可激動(dòng)的。
Getting / Becoming excited easily is of no use . 易激動(dòng)是沒(méi)有用的。
2. swift 常作形容詞“快的，迅速的”，其比較級(jí)為 swifter , 其最高級(jí)為 swiftest 。
The river is too swift to swim . 這河水流太急，不能游泳。
They had a swift visit to the shop . 他們匆匆地逛了一下商店。
測(cè)試要點(diǎn)：辨析 swift , quick , fast , rapid
swift 所指的運(yùn)動(dòng)速度最高，同時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)運(yùn)動(dòng)的平穩(wěn)瀟灑和輕捷不費(fèi)力氣，靈巧優(yōu)美。常與 quick 通用。
He are in great need of a swift horse . 你十分需要一匹駿馬。
The eight-year-old boy gave me a swift / quick answer . 那個(gè)八歲的小男孩迅速地回答了我。
quick 指運(yùn)動(dòng)動(dòng)作發(fā)生或者完成的迅速、敏捷，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是單一動(dòng)作的突然性和短暫性。含有靈巧性。
He ate a quick breakfast and rushed off to work . 他匆匆吃了早飯就趕著上班去了。
I felt a quick pull on my fishing line . 我感到魚(yú)線給突然拉了以下。
He is quick to understand a stranger . 他善于理解陌生人的意思。
fast 多指運(yùn)動(dòng)的物體，位置移動(dòng)的迅速，強(qiáng)調(diào)物體運(yùn)動(dòng)的方式，具有高速運(yùn)動(dòng)的含義。是 slow 的反義詞。
You are reading too fast for me to follow .
We must take the fast train .
My watch is fast . 我的手表快了。
He ran faster and faster along the bank of the river . 沿著河他跑的越來(lái)越快。
rapid 常和 fast 互換，但rapid 多指運(yùn)動(dòng)本身程度的變化，可以是人口的增加、進(jìn)步的幅度等。
The improvement was very rapid . 改進(jìn)極為迅速。
He made rapid progress last term .
3. medal 獎(jiǎng)?wù)�，�?jiǎng)牌
In the Olympic Games the first winner will get a gold medal . 在奧運(yùn)會(huì)上第一名將獲得一枚金牌。
That officer received many medals for bravery . 這位軍官由于勇敢而榮獲許多獎(jiǎng)?wù)隆?
測(cè)試要點(diǎn)：會(huì)區(qū)分使用 medal （獎(jiǎng)?wù)�，�?jiǎng)牌）, model （模特，）, metal （金屬）
Can I have a look at your Medal of Freedom ? 我可以看一下你的自由勛章嗎 ？
He bought his son a model of ship from the USA . 他給兒子從美國(guó)買(mǎi)了一個(gè)輪船模型。
Do you want to be a model when you grow up ? 你長(zhǎng)大后想當(dāng)一名模特嗎 ？
China is a country with a long history . She is rich in many kinds of metals . 中國(guó)是一個(gè)擁有悠久歷史的國(guó)度，中國(guó)有豐富的礦藏資源。
4. prize 獎(jiǎng)賞，獎(jiǎng)品。常用于動(dòng)詞 gain , get , receive , take , win , offer , give 等后面。
They got most of the prizes at the village flower . 他們奪得了該村花展的大部分獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)。
Winning the Nobel Prize for Physics is very difficult . 獲得諾貝爾物理獎(jiǎng)是十分困難的。
測(cè)試要點(diǎn)：會(huì)區(qū)別開(kāi) prize (獎(jiǎng)品) ，praise (表?yè)P(yáng))，price (價(jià)格)
He praised her for helping his son with the homework .
The price of the car is higher here than in that shop .
5. like 喜歡，喜愛(ài)�？梢宰鹘樵~和動(dòng)詞。
◇ like someone/something表示“喜歡某人或某物”
典型用法1. like...very much表示“非常喜歡.....”。
The parents like their little son very much.
典型用法2. like...better/best 表示“更/最喜歡......”。
Mike likes maths better than chemistry.
This is the pen that he likes best.
◇ like to do/doing...表示“喜歡做某事”。
典型用法 1. like doing...表示“經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作”。
My father likes reading evening newspapers.
典型用法 2.like to do...表示“具體的或特定的動(dòng)作�！�
We like to have a talk with you.
◇ like someone to do...表示“希望/歡迎某人去做某件事”。
Do you like us to play together with you ?
◇ would like...表示“想要......”。
典型用法 1.would like something 表示“想要某物”。
Would you like some water ? No,thanks.
典型用法 2.would like to do...表示“想要做某事”。
◇ Mary would not like to attend such a meeting.
典型用法 3.would like someone to do 表示“想要某人去做某件事”。
I would like her to tell the truth.
The strangers would like those villagers to give them some help.
注：當(dāng)?shù)谝蝗朔Q I 或we 作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，也可用 should like...。
◇ feel like...表示“感覺(jué)想要......”。
典型用法 1.feel like sth.表示“覺(jué)得想要某物”。
My sister felt like some sweets.
典型用法 2. feel like doing...表示“覺(jué)得想做某件事”。
What do you feel like doing before you go back ?
C. 單元重點(diǎn)詞組掃瞄
Lesson 37
1. have sports 進(jìn)行體育運(yùn)動(dòng)
We have sports at four in the afternoon every day .
What sports do you have at the sports meeting ?
測(cè)試要點(diǎn)：注意由動(dòng)詞 have 構(gòu)成的固定詞組具有特定的意義。
have a date 有約會(huì)。have a go at 試試。(Let me have a go at it , all right ? / He had several goes at it before he succeeded .) have a good / high opinion of 對(duì)……評(píng)價(jià)好。have a good time 過(guò)的愉快，玩的開(kāi)心。have a rough time 日子艱難。have a hard time + doing 干……很費(fèi)勁。have / run a temperature 發(fā)燒。have a work with 和……交談。have words with sb 和某人爭(zhēng)吵。have an effect on / upon 對(duì)……有影響。have mercy on / upon 對(duì)……產(chǎn)生憐憫。have no choice but to do 只有干…… 。have none of 不理睬……。have nothing to do with 與……沒(méi)有關(guān)系。have something to do with 與有聯(lián)系。have on 穿著，戴著，有事。（注意該詞組不用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。如：Today she has on a red skirt . = Today she wears a red skirt . = Today she is wearing a red skirt . = Today she is dressed in a red skirt .） have / take pity on / upon 同情，憐憫。（He said that he has no pity on people who do not try to help others . ）have sports 進(jìn)行體育運(yùn)動(dòng)。have a rest / break 休息一下。have a bad cough 咳嗽得厲害。
2. be good at 擅長(zhǎng)
Are you good at sailing ? 你擅長(zhǎng)賽艇嗎 ？
I was never any good at dancing .
3. in fact 事實(shí)上，實(shí)際上
No one believed it but , in fact , Mary did get a good result in this exam .
He doesn\'t mind . In fact , he is very satisfied .
4. let sb know 通知某人。告訴某人
If you arrive in Beijing this afternoon , please let me know as soon as possible .
5. read out 大聲念出 = read aloud
He is reading out the football results .
An important notice was read out by our monitor .
　
Lesson 38
1. in modern times 現(xiàn)代，近代
He was one of the great artists in modern times . 他是近代的偉大藝術(shù)家之一。
2. every four years 每四年，每隔三年 = every fourth year
Both Summer and Winter Olympics are held every four years . 夏季奧運(yùn)會(huì)和冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)都是每四年舉行一次。
注意上面的基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞。另外，“每?jī)商臁笔莈very other day / every two days。
3. take part in 參加
He took an active part in revolution .
Every four years athletes from all over the world take part in the Qlympic Games .
Britain is one of the countries in which women take part in wrestling .
測(cè)試要點(diǎn)：辨析 take part in , attend , join , join in
take part in 表示參加某種活動(dòng)并在里面以積極的態(tài)度起作用。
Do you want to take part in this discussion ?
attend 常用于參加婚禮、追悼會(huì)、課堂學(xué)習(xí)等。
I am sure he will come to attend this meeting tonight .
join in 參加游戲或小活動(dòng)。常同 game 連用。
More and more countries joined in the Olympic Games .
He will join us in singing the song .
Will you join me in buying a present for her ?
Please come and join in this game . It is very interesting .
join 參加某個(gè)組織，入黨、入團(tuán)等。
He joined the Communist Party of China in 1980 . = He has been a party member since 1980 .
4. for centuries 好幾百年來(lái)，數(shù)個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)
For centuries there were no Olympic Games .
D. 單元語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)
“介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句小結(jié)
1. 當(dāng) which 的先行詞不是從句中及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，而是從句中不及物動(dòng)詞所帶的介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，或者是從句中作為狀語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)用的介詞短語(yǔ)中的介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句常用“介詞 + which (whom)”來(lái)引導(dǎo)，不用其它關(guān)系代詞，whom 指人，which 指物。例如：
The house was built on a hillside , below which was a winding valley . 那所房子建 在山坡上，在山坡的下面有一條蜿蜒的溪谷。
This is the book for which you asked .
My glasses , without which I was like a blind man , felt to the ground and broke .
Here is the young man about whom we\'ve heard so much .
By the side of the well there was a board on which were written these words ：“Don\'t forget the digger when you fetch water from the well .”在井的旁邊有一塊木板，上面寫(xiě)著：“飲水莫忘挖井人�！�
2. 這樣的介詞可以放在 whom , which 之前，也可以放在從句中原來(lái)的位置上。但含有介詞的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般不可拆開(kāi)，介詞仍放在動(dòng)詞之后，不能前置。例如：
The babies (whom) the nurses look after all look happy and healthy . ( look after 為固定詞組)
Is he the man (whom) you spoke to yesterday ?
Is this the knife which you\'ve looking for all day long ?
對(duì)比：This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived . = This is the house (which) Lu Xun once lived in .
3. 如果介詞放在定語(yǔ)從句之后，關(guān)系代詞 which , whom 可以用 that 來(lái)替換，亦可以省略 which , whom 。
Can you lend me the book (that ) you were talking about the other day ? (about不能放 that 前，但把 that 該為 which 時(shí)就可以了。）
The house which / that we live in is not large . = The house we live in is not large . = The house in which we live isn\'t large .
　
4. 關(guān)系代詞前的介詞選用要按習(xí)慣搭配和具體語(yǔ)言環(huán)境而選用，不能隨心所欲。例如：
There is a book about which I told you last week . (tell sb about sth)
Everyone here knows the method with which the computer works . (with the method)
The ladder on which I was standing began to slip . (stand on)
5. 但介詞卻不能放在 that 之前，除非可以特殊地使用：but / except + that 。but / except + that 只能引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句。that 只起連接作用，不沖充當(dāng)句子成分。
He stood there , doing nothing except that his mouth was open .
二、學(xué)海導(dǎo)航
【學(xué)法指要】
● 請(qǐng)你走出單項(xiàng)填空題的解題思維誤區(qū)
誤區(qū)之一：受假性“原型”誤導(dǎo)，誤入歧途
NMET的單項(xiàng)填空題往往設(shè)置一些所謂的“原型”來(lái)誘使作答者模仿�；�本功不夠扎實(shí)的同學(xué)極易“上鉤”而出錯(cuò)。如：
1 . - Don\'t forget to return the dictionary to the library .
-____ .
A . I don\'t B . I won\'t C . I can\'t D . I haven\'t
本題受 Don\'t forget 的誤導(dǎo)，常誤選A。英語(yǔ)中的祈使句通常表示將來(lái)要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，所以答語(yǔ)中的“我忘不了”實(shí)際上是“我(將)不會(huì)忘記”。正確答案是B。
2 . - I wonder if your sister will go to the concert .
- If your sister does . so ____ mine .
A . is B . do C . does D . will
本題受 If you sister does 中 does 的誤導(dǎo)，常常誤選C。由于條件狀語(yǔ)從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)，所以題中的 If your sister does 中的 does 實(shí)際上等于will go to the concert , 所以“我妹妹也去”應(yīng)該是“Mine will go , too . ”因此正確答案是D。
3 . You should throw the old newspaper into ____ basket .
A . a paper B . paper C . papers D . the papers
通常，paper 表示“紙”，是不可數(shù)名詞，前面不帶a，受其誤導(dǎo)，誤選B。但本題講的是要將舊報(bào)紙扔進(jìn)紙簍。“紙”雖不可數(shù)，但“紙簍”是可數(shù)名詞，因此正確答案是A。
啟示：①解題時(shí)要注意對(duì)題目進(jìn)行仔細(xì)而全面的分析，防止掉入“陷井”；②尋找解決問(wèn)題的根據(jù)，要注意“走對(duì)路”，不要“進(jìn)錯(cuò)門(mén)”。
〖項(xiàng)固練習(xí)〗
1 .- Would you lend me your pen for a while ?
-Certainly I ____ .
A . Would B . should C . will D . shall
2 .- Could I use your bicycle ?
-Yes , of course you ____ .
A . can B . could C . will D . would
3 . I have met ____ people as Lei Feng in China .
A . many B . so many C . many such D . as many
4 . Only when she got home did she find her necklace ____ .
A . miss B . to miss C . missed D . missing
5 .- I\'ve got an extra ticket for one of you .
- Oh , really ? Whom would you like ____ with you , Tom or me ?
A . to have go B . to have gone C . having to go D . having going
誤區(qū)之二：忽視“遲到信息”，不瞻前顧后
NMET 單項(xiàng)填空的空白后有時(shí)附帶著一些文字信息，通常被稱為“遲到的信息”。這些“遲到的信息”有的是無(wú)關(guān)緊要的，有的則對(duì)答案的選擇起著決定性的作用，忽視這樣的信息，不瞻前顧后，往往要出錯(cuò)。如：
9 . Jenny ____ have kept her word . I wonder why she changed her mind .
A . could B . might not C . should D . would not
題中的 I wonder why she changed her mind 一句雖為遲到的信息，但它說(shuō)明 she changed her mind , 也就是 she didn\'t keep her word , 據(jù)此可推斷正確答案是C。
10 .- He promised to come to see you .
- But he ____ I\'ve been alone .
A . doesn\'t B . din\'t C . won\'t D . hasn\'t
11. 本題若只注意到He promised 而忽略 I\'ve been alone 這一“遲到的信息”，就會(huì)誤選答案B。I\'ve been alone 這一句表明，be 不僅過(guò)去沒(méi)來(lái)，而且現(xiàn)在仍沒(méi)來(lái)，所以正確答案是D。
12 .- Didn\'t you watch the football match yesterday ?
-____ . I would like to have seen it .
A . Yes , I did B . No , I didn\'t C . Yes , I didn\'t D . No , I did
解答本題必須重視 I would like to have seen it 這一“遲到的信息”，它相當(dāng)于 I had wanted to see it , 意為“我本想觀看它”，可見(jiàn)實(shí)際上我沒(méi)看足球賽，因此正確答案是B。
啟示：題中的每個(gè)信息點(diǎn)包括標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)都是重要的，不影響答案選擇的信息很少，解題時(shí)必須瞻前顧后，通盤(pán)考慮。
〖鞏固練習(xí)〗
13 . You ____ the plant more water . It is dead .
A . will give B . would have given
C . must give D . should have given
14 . I wish to be ____ with him . Will you go up to your own room ?
A . friendly B . alone C . down D . always
15 .- The play is often put on here , isn\'t if ?
-____ Only once five years ago .
A . Yes , it is B . Yes , it isn\'t C . No , it isn\'t D . No , it is
16 . ____ from your office to here!
A . How far is it B . What a long way it is
C . How far it is D . How long is it
17 . - Do you know ____ of them ?
- No , I only know Mr and Mrs Tom .
A . all B . both C . none D . any
誤區(qū)之三：受“冗余信息”的干擾，分不清主次
有的單項(xiàng)填空題題干較長(zhǎng)，命題者有時(shí)在題干中插入了一些次要的信息，用來(lái)干擾作答者的正常思維，分散其注意力，我們把這樣的信息叫做“冗余信息”。常見(jiàn)的“冗余信息”是插入語(yǔ)，后置定語(yǔ)和前置狀語(yǔ)等，撤開(kāi)這樣的信息，句子的來(lái)龍去脈便會(huì)一目了然。如：
18 . She spent as much time as she could ____ over her lessons .
A . go B . to go C . going D . went
本題若抓不住 She spent much time ____ over her lessons 這個(gè)主題，就排除不了 as much…as she could 這個(gè)次要信息，就會(huì)誤選A。由主體句可知，正確答案是C。
19 . He hasn\'t come yet . What do you consider ____ to him ?
A . happens B . has happened C . happening D . to happen
本題若搞不清 do you consider 是插入語(yǔ)，就會(huì)誤以為是在考查 consider 后接動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)，就會(huì)誤選C。本題正確答案是B。
20 . So far this is the best way I\'ve thought of ____ this problem .
A . settling B . to settle C . by setting D . having settled
本題的主體是 this is the best way ____ this problem。I\'ve thought of 是修飾 way 的定語(yǔ)從句，不影響主體句的答案的選擇。當(dāng)然，若不清楚 I\'ve thought of 是定語(yǔ)從句的話，就會(huì)誤以為是在考查 think of 后跟動(dòng)名詞而誤選A。由主體句可知，本題正確答案是B。the way to do sth . 意為“做某事的方法”。
啟示：① 學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)要重視對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的句子的分析，從而提高對(duì)這類句子的理解能力；② 解題時(shí)遇到結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的句子，要注意抓主體(抓主謂賓語(yǔ))，通過(guò)抓主體來(lái)排除干擾答題的次要信息，從而找出正確答案。
〖鞏固練習(xí)〗
21 . He often leans over the fence and talks for over an hour with my father ____ gardening .
A . about B . while C . in D . as
22 . John plays football ____ , if not better than , David .
A . as well B . as well as C . so well D . so well as
23 . The students are forbidden , unless they have the library cards , ____ the reading-room .
A . entering B . enter C . from entering D . to enter
24 . With a quick kick the policeman sent the knife held in the robber\'s right hand ____ .
A . fly B . flew C . flying D . to fly
25 . Lincoln\'s stepmother did all she could ____ him .
A . help B . to help C . helping D . and helped
答案：4-8 CACDA 13-17 DBCBA 21-25 ABDCB
● 當(dāng)心，解題勿受思維定式干擾 !
在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中，有些同學(xué)解題時(shí)，常憑經(jīng)驗(yàn)或想當(dāng)然，或只考慮老師在課堂中經(jīng)常強(qiáng)調(diào)的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象，而有時(shí)卻常常把題做錯(cuò)，究其原因，就是受思維定式的干擾所至。
請(qǐng)看下面幾個(gè)例子：
1 . I\'m busy now . I\'m sorry I can\'t help ____ the flowers .
A . to water B . watering C . watered D . waters
［析］正確答案A。本題易誤選答案B，因?yàn)閷W(xué)生熟悉的是 can\'t help (忍不住，情不自禁)后接動(dòng)名詞。其實(shí)，本題中 help 為“幫助”之意，后面應(yīng)用不定式(可省略to)作賓語(yǔ)。故應(yīng)選A。
2 . Put the book in the same place ____ you found it .
A . as B . that C . which D . where
［析］正確答案D。本題易誤選答案A或B，因?yàn)?the same…as 和 the same…that 經(jīng)常被強(qiáng)調(diào)，而實(shí)際上 the same 修飾名詞后除可接 as 或 that 外，還可以接 where , who 等引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。分析一下題干，不難看出本題應(yīng)用 where 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，因?yàn)樗�設(shè)空白在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。故選D。
3 . Nylon is used to ____ stockings .
A . made B . makes C . make D . making
［析］正確答案C。此題易誤選D，因?yàn)椤癰e (get) used to 接名詞或動(dòng)名詞”意為“習(xí)慣于……”。但本題并非此意，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中的 ues 為“使用”之意并且是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，“be used to do… (被用來(lái)做……)”。故應(yīng)選C。
4 . Make a mark ____ you have a question .
A . in which B . where C . that D . for which
［析］正確答案B。此題易誤選A或C，原因在于錯(cuò)誤地把本題分析為定語(yǔ)從句，誤譯成“做一個(gè)你有問(wèn)題的記號(hào)”。然而，本題系地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句，應(yīng)譯為“在你有疑問(wèn)的地方做個(gè)標(biāo)記”。所以引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句不可用“介詞 + which”的答案A。故應(yīng)選B。
〖針對(duì)練習(xí)〗
1 . New ways have been found to prevent the river ____ .
A . polluting B . from polluting
C . against polluting D . from being polluted
2 . They did ____ they could ____ him .
A . what ; help B . all what ; to help
C . all ; help D . all that ; to help
3 . We were all busy . ____ of us went out for a walk .
A . Not all B . None C . Nobody D . Not everybody
4 . He has the same bike ____ .
A . as you B . as yours C . with you D . that you
5 . The speaker raised his voice but still couldn\'t make himself ____ .
A . hear B . to hear C . hearing D . heard
6 . That heavy rain kept us ____ out on time .
A . starting B . from starting C . to start D . being started
7 . the parents forbid her ____ to a worker .
A . to marry B . marrying C . to be married D . to be marrying
8 . You may stay ____ you like .
A . as long B . that C . at which D . where
9 . Coal is used to ____ electricity .
A . produces B . produced C . producing D . produce
10 . Was it in this hall ____ they held the ball the other day ?
A . that B . in which C . where D . which
11 . The boy was crying ____ the cup broken .
A . for B . at C . as D . with
12 . He made some candles ____ light .
A . to give B . give C . gave D . given
13 . He talked of the writer and his novels _____ interested him .
A . that B . which C . who D . in which
14 . If Mary doesn\'t go there , ____ .
A . neither do I B . nor shall I
C . so do I D . so will I
答案：1- 5 DDBAD 6-10 BCDDA 11-14 D AA B
●從“識(shí)破廬山真面目”看NMET的“變形”思維
由于NMET試題中的單項(xiàng)選擇題越來(lái)越注重對(duì)思維能力的考查，所以平時(shí)的訓(xùn)練要從多角度，多思路下手，才能讓舉一反三，收到事半功倍的效果。下面是從“識(shí)破廬山真面目”看NMET的“變形”思維。
★ 變換題干中的標(biāo)志詞，分清知識(shí)的易混點(diǎn)。例如：
1 . It\'s no good ____ a lot . (no→not)
A . smoking B . smoke C . to smoke D . to smoking
2 . He took the girl by ____ hand . (by→with)
A . her B . his C . the D . a
3 . I will never forget the days ____ we spent together . (spent→stayed)
A . where B . when C . in which D . that
4 . Shanghai is larger than ____ in China . (China→India)
A . any city B . all cities C . any other city D . other city
5 . ___ time passing by , his theory proved correct . (passing→passed)
A . As B . While C . When D . With
答案：1 . A→C 2 . C→B 3 . D→B 4 . C→A 5 . D→A
★ 增、減題干中的標(biāo)志詞。多一詞或少一詞句子或短語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)不同。例如：
1 . Mr Smith goes to work ____(his) car every day .
A . by B . in C . on D . of
2 . Do you see the tree , ____ (is) well above the tops of the other trees .
A . whose top B . its top C . it\'s top D . which top
3 . ____ in China for 5 years , (but) he still can\'t write or read in Chinese .
A . Having lived B . Having been lived
C . He has lived D . After he was lived
4 . The naughty boy(was) used to ____(by) his teacher .
A . criticize B . be criticized C . criticizing D . being criticized
5 . Is (it) this (the) bookstore ____ you referred to this morning ?
A . that B . the one C . in which D . where
答案及提示：
1 . A(B) 2 . B(A) 3 . A(C) 4 . D . “那調(diào)皮的男孩習(xí)慣了挨老師批評(píng)�！� (B)去掉 was�！澳钦{(diào)皮的男孩過(guò)去經(jīng)常挨老師批評(píng)�！�(現(xiàn)在不挨批評(píng)了。) (C)去掉 by�！澳钦{(diào)皮的男孩習(xí)慣于批評(píng)老師�！� (A)去掉 by 和 was�！澳钦{(diào)皮的男孩過(guò)去經(jīng)常批評(píng)老師�！�5 . B(A)沒(méi)有定冠詞時(shí)，題干的定語(yǔ)從句缺先行詞，故要加上 the one ; 如用 the bookstore 時(shí)，the bookstore 即是先行詞，關(guān)系代詞 that 在定語(yǔ)從句中作動(dòng)詞 referred to 的賓語(yǔ)，可以省略；如果題干前半部分 Is it this bookstore ____，該句子即變?yōu)閺?qiáng)調(diào)句時(shí)，還是選A，但這時(shí) that 不可以省去。
★ 刪去干擾詞或句，讓“標(biāo)志”更明顯。例如：
1 . How about (the two of us) ____ a walk down the street ?
A . to take B . take C . taking D . to be taking
2 . ____ the money (John had) ____ ?
A . Did ; stolen B . Was ; stolen
C . Was ; to stolen D . Had ; stolen
3 . His car runs ____ , (if no faster than) a race car .
A . so fast B . as fast C . as fast as D . so fast as
4 . The wonderful time (they have been looking forward to) ____ finally arrived .
A . has B . had C . have D . having
5 . Nobody (but Tom and John) ____ what he said .
A . believe B . believes C . believe in D . believes in
答案：1 . C 2 . B 3 . C 4 . A 5 . B
★ 將題干中被省略的詞補(bǔ)出來(lái)，使“標(biāo)志”更鮮明。例如：
1 . He did ____ he could(do) ____ the old lady .
A . all ; calm B . what ; calm
C . what ; to calm D . all which ; to calm
2 . Only those(who) ____ knew well could be let in .
A . did he B . he did C . who D . he
3 .- Whom should this message be sent to ?
- My teacher is the one (for you) ____ .
A . to send it B . to be sent to C . for sending it D . to send it to
4 . How clever (it is) ____ to do so!
A . for the boy B . of the boy C . with the boy D . at the boy
5 . They don\'t realize the use (that 或 which) ____ the information .
A . we make of B . which we make
C . for our making D . for us to make
答案及說(shuō)明：1 . C 2 . D 3 . D 4 . B 5 . A。第5題 A 為定語(yǔ)從句，動(dòng)詞 make 后的 use 被關(guān)系代詞代替，由于關(guān)系代詞作賓語(yǔ)被省略。
★ 句子結(jié)構(gòu)還原，主要用于疑問(wèn)句和省略句的題干。例如：
1 . What way are you thinking of ____ rid of rats ?
A . get B . getting C . to get D . being get
2 . Who did you ____ ____ the radio ?
A . have repaired B . have to repair
C . have repairing D . have repair
3 . If you go there tomorrow , ____ .
A . so I do B . so will I C . so I will D . so do I
4 .- Why was the meeting called ?
- ____ new officials .
A . Elect B . Electing C . To elect D . By electing
答案及說(shuō)明：1 . C 2 . D 3 . B。省略后倒裝�！癐f you go there tomorrow , I will go there , too . ” 4 . C。不定式回答“目的”或“原因”。The meeting was called to elect new officials . 再如：
- What made her so upset ?
- ____ a wonderful stamp .
A . To lose B . Lost C . Losing D . For losing
選C�；卮� what 作動(dòng)詞 made 的主語(yǔ)。
當(dāng)然，選擇題思路很多，只要學(xué)會(huì)“變”，相信一定會(huì)有收獲。
● 單項(xiàng)填空中的合理推測(cè)
推測(cè)不是瞎猜亂碰，是從題目尋找信息，有理有據(jù)，合理推測(cè)。
■ 根據(jù)題干特定信息進(jìn)行推測(cè)
NMET 題干的設(shè)計(jì)水平和靈活性逐年提高。有關(guān)信息不僅在句子表面，也可能存在于字里行間，或存在于某一個(gè)不引入注目的單詞上。所以，首先要細(xì)讀題干，精心領(lǐng)會(huì)其意義，然后有針對(duì)性地、準(zhǔn)確地找到某個(gè)特定信息，以此為據(jù)，推斷定論。切不可讀題粗略，貌然確定答案。
- Do you remember ____ he came ?
- Yes , I do , he came by car .
A . how B . when C . that D . if
從語(yǔ)法上看A，B都可以填，但正確答案只有一個(gè)。by car 這一特定信息暗示了問(wèn)句問(wèn)的是“方式”，所以A才是最佳選擇。
Peter ____ come with us tonight , but he isn\'t very sure yet .
A . must B . can C . may D . will
題干后部的意思為 ? “……但他還不十分肯定；”，由此推測(cè)他不是“必須來(lái)”，不是“將會(huì)來(lái)”，也不是“能夠來(lái)”，而是“可能來(lái)”，選C。再如：
- If you don\'t like the red coat , take the blue one .
- OK , but do you have ____ size in blue ? This one\'s a bit tight for me .
A . a big B . a bigger C . the big D . the bigger
題干意思是“這一件稍緊一點(diǎn)”，可見(jiàn)他想要的是尺碼較大的。所以 big 要用比較級(jí)。題干的另一意思不是“要好一件更大的藍(lán)外衣”，而是問(wèn)“藍(lán)外衣中是否有一種尺碼大的”。所以不是特指，應(yīng)選B。
■ 根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)、語(yǔ)法進(jìn)行推測(cè)
有些題目的考查目的是針對(duì)句子結(jié)構(gòu)或語(yǔ)法，這時(shí)受試者不但要理解題干，而且要有針對(duì)性地分析其語(yǔ)法成份，選出符合結(jié)構(gòu)要求的答案。例如：
John plays football ____ , if not better than , David .
A . as will B . as well as C . so well D . so well as
逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)的部分是插入語(yǔ)，也是一個(gè)省略的條件狀語(yǔ)從句，從句中的否定與主句無(wú)關(guān)。David 是兩者比較的另一方，所以同級(jí)比較句型要用 as well as。如果選A，就少了連接從句的連詞。
____ from Beijing to London !
A . How long way it is B . What a long way is it
C . How long way is it D . What a long way it is
way 是可數(shù)名詞首先排除A、C。此句不是問(wèn)句，根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)要求，要用陳述句的語(yǔ)序，選D。
如果你碰到難詞、生詞，不解其意，可以從語(yǔ)法的角度去考慮。盡管對(duì)句子的意義仍模糊不清，但通過(guò)合理推測(cè)卻能找到正確答案。例如：
The weather turned out to be very good , ___ was more than we could expect .
A . what B . which C . that D . it
考生對(duì)短語(yǔ) turn out 不甚了解，但這不影響解題。只要以語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)為依法。就能推斷出 B是答案，因?yàn)橹挥?which 才能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。turn out to be 意為“結(jié)果是……”。請(qǐng)?jiān)倏矗?
There\'re so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that i can\'t make up my mind ____ to buy .
A . which B . what C . how D . where
句中的 tape-recorder 和 on sale 課本上都沒(méi)有直接出現(xiàn)過(guò)，但 buy 是一個(gè)熟知的及物動(dòng)詞，它需要有賓語(yǔ)。因此，這兒要用連接代詞作賓語(yǔ)，首先排除C、D。再根據(jù) which 和 what 的用法區(qū)別來(lái)取舍。在已知或有限范圍的選擇場(chǎng)合要用 which。因此該選A。tape-recorder 意思是“磁帶錄音機(jī)”，on sale 是“出售”。
■ 用排除法推測(cè)
選擇填空既是一個(gè)觀察、推測(cè)、判斷的過(guò)程，也是一個(gè)將錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)一一排除，找出正確答案的過(guò)程。排除法適用于任何一道選擇題。在解題中，利用排除法可以縮小思考范圍，節(jié)省時(shí)間和精力。例如：
If there were no examinations , we should have ____ at school .
A . the happiest time B . a more happier time
C . much happiest time D . a much happier time
B、C形式上明顯有錯(cuò)，首先排除，重點(diǎn)考慮A、D。此句不屬三者以上場(chǎng)合，僅是“有考試”與“沒(méi)考試”兩種情況的對(duì)比。所以推測(cè)D是正確答案。
It was not ____ she took off her dark glasses ____ I realized she was a famous film star .
A . until ; when B . when ; that C . until ; that D . when ; then
從結(jié)構(gòu)上看這一句是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，首先排除A、再仔細(xì)思考B、C。只有 until 才有這種 not 前移的用法，所以推斷答案為C。
排除法還有個(gè)特殊功能：當(dāng)受試者對(duì)某個(gè)選項(xiàng)的意義，用法不甚明確，而這個(gè)選項(xiàng)又恰恰很可能是正確答案時(shí)，可以將其余的選項(xiàng)逐個(gè)排除，從而證實(shí)它的正確性。這種合理推測(cè)能使考生得到意外的收獲。請(qǐng)看：
If you keep on , you\'ll succeed ____ .
A . in time B . at one time C . at the same time D . on time
B意為“一度”，C意為“同時(shí)”，意義都明顯不符合，應(yīng)予排除。D意為“準(zhǔn)時(shí)”，意義也不符。A“及時(shí)”，意義雖不貼切，但總比B、C、D好一些，合理推測(cè)A是正確答案。其實(shí)，此處 in time 由“及時(shí)”引申為“遲早”、“總有一天”。
■ 根據(jù)題目設(shè)計(jì)的缺陷或弱點(diǎn)欠缺之處推測(cè)
有時(shí)試題在命題設(shè)計(jì)上難免存在缺陷或弱點(diǎn)，在無(wú)從下手的情況下，利用這些缺陷或弱點(diǎn)，或可曲徑通幽，出奇制勝。通常有兩種情況：(1)有兩個(gè)(以上)的選項(xiàng)在語(yǔ)法上可視為“同類項(xiàng)”；(2)有某個(gè)選項(xiàng)在語(yǔ)法上明顯錯(cuò)誤，屬試題命制時(shí)的“湊數(shù)項(xiàng)”。
對(duì)于第一種情況，可先排除“同類項(xiàng)”，因?yàn)橐坏李}目不可能出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)(以上)的正確答案。例如：
I didn\'t see your sister at the meeting . If she ____ , she would have met my brother .
A . has come B . did come C . came D . had come
B、C屬“同類項(xiàng)”，都是一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如果C正確，B也可以填，所以都應(yīng)排除。剩下A、D相比較，就顯得容易了，A是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可排除，D是過(guò)去完成時(shí)，該選D。
【妙文賞析】
THE HOUNDS OF BASKERVILLES ( 獵犬 )
柯南•道爾 著
Chapter VI
A CUNNING ENEMY( 一個(gè)狡猾的敵人 )
On the way to the Northumberland Hotel , Holmes entered a telegraph office . There he sent a wire to the Official Registry (傭工介紹所) ， inquiring for the name and address of the cabman whose number he had remembered . As the two friends were going up the stairs of the Northumberland Hotel they saw Sir Henry standing on the landing of the second floor . His face was red with anger and he was holding an old and dirty boot in one of his hands .
“By thunder ,” he cried , “ if my boot isn\'t found immediately there will be trouble . ”
“Are you still looking for your boot ? ” exclaimed Waston .
“Yes , but now another boot has disappeared . Last night they took one of my brown boots , and today they have stolen one from the black pair . Well , have you found it ? ” he asked the servant , who had appeared upon the scene .
“ No, sir . Please have a little patience . I have looked for it everywhere , but I can\'t find it .” said the frightened servant .
“Well , either that boot comes back before night , or I go straight to the manager of the hotel . ”
“ It shall be found , sir ?/FONT> I promise you . Only have a little patience ,” exclaimed the frightened servant .
“ Very strange ,” said Holmes thoughtfully to himself .
“ Excuse me , Mr. Holmes , for this quarrel about a trifle (小時(shí)) ,” said Sir Henry , “ but 棥?/P>
“ It is not a trifle ,” interrupted . Holmes seriously . “ Your case is very hard . Sir Henry , but I hope that sooner or later we shall make things clear .”
At lunch Holmes asked Sir Henry what he intended to do .
“ I want to go to Baskerville Hall ,” was the answer .
“ And when ? ”
“At the end of the week .”
“ Perhaps you are right ,”said Holmes . “I know that you are followed in London and among the millions of this great city it is difficult to discover who the spy is and what he wants . You did not know , Dr. Mortimer , that you were followed this morning ? ”
“Followed !” exclaimed Dr. Mortimer , starting violently . “By whom ?”
“That , unfortunately , I can\'t tell you . Have you among your neighbours or acquaintances (熟人) any man with a large black beard ?” asked Holmes .
“ No ,?/FONT>oh ?/FONT> yes , certainly , Barrymore , Sir Charles\'s servant . He has a large black beard .” replied Dr. Mortimer .
“And where is Barrymore ?”
“He is at the Hall .”
“We must make sure that he is really there .”
“How can we do that ?”
“Give me a telegraph form . Write : ‘ Is all ready for Sir Henry ? ’address to Mr. Barrymore , Baskerville Hall . Which is the nearest telegraph-office ? ”
“Grimpen .”
“Very good . We shall send a second wire to the postmaster at Grimpen：‘ Telegram to Mr. Barrymore deliver into his own hands . If absent , return telegram to Sir Henry Baskerville , Northumberland Hotel .’Then we shall know before evening where Barrymore is . By the way , Dr. Mortimer , who is this Barrymore ?”
“He is the son of the old caretaker (管家) who is dead . He and his wife are a very respectable couple , as far as I know .”
“At the same time it\'s clear ,”said Baskerville , “that while there is nobody at the Hall , they have an easy life .”
“That is true ,” said Waston .
“Did Barrymore get anything by Sir Charles\'s will ?” asked Holmes .
“ He and his wife got 500 pounds each .”
“Did they know that they would receive this ?”
“Yes , Sir Charles liked to talk about his will .”
“That is very interesting . Did anyone else get anything ?”
“He left many small sums to individuals and a large number of public charities . The rest all went to Sir Henry , ”explained Dr. Mortimer .
“And how much was the rest ?”
“Seven hundred and forty thousand pounds . The total value of the estate is almost a million ” answered Dr. Mortimer .
Holmes looked surprised . “ I didn\'t think that he was so rich , ”he said . “That explains some things . I can understand that a man may risk much for such a large sum . Have you made your will , Sir Henry ? ”
“No , Mr. Holmes , I have not . I\'ve had no time for it . You forget I arrived here only yesterday .”
“ Well , Sir Henry , I agree that it\'s best for you to go to your native place without delay , but you certainly must not go alone . ”
“ Dr. Mortimer returns with me . ”
“But Dr. Mortimer has his practice , and his house is some miles away from yours . No , Sir Henry , you must take with you someone who will always be by your side .”
“Could you come yourself , Mr. Holmes ? ”
“That\'s quite impossible . I cannot leave London for an indefinite time , as I am too busy .”
“Whom would you recommend (推薦) then .”
Holmes laid his hand upon Waston\'s arm . “There is no man who could be better than my friend Dr. Waston , ”he said .
“That would be really kind of you , ”Sir Henry exclaimed . “If you go with me to Baskerville Hall and help me , I shall never forget it . ”
“I will come with pleasure , ”said Dr. Waston .
“And you must report everything to me , ”said Holmes . “ I shall tell you how to act . ”
The question was soon settled . It was decided that Sir Henry , Dr. Mortimer and Waston set off for Devonshire on Saturday . Lunch was over and Holmes was just saying goodbye , when Sir Henry with a cry of surprise drew a brown boot from under a table in the corner of the room .
“ My missing boot ! ” he exclaimed .
“ But this is very strange .”said Dr. Mortimer . “ I searched this room carefully before lunch and there was certainly no boot in it .” said Dr. Mortimer .
The servant was called in and questioned , but he said he knew nothing about it .
Holmes was silent in the cab as he drove home with Waston . All the evening he sat in his armchair smoking and thinking . So many strange things had happened in these two days - the printed letter , the black-bearded spy in the cab , the loss of the new boot , the loss of the old black boot , and now the return of the brown boot . Just before dinner a telegram was brought . It ran : “Have just received answer from postmaster , Grimpen . Berrymore is at the Hall . Baskerville .”
A few minutes later the door bell rang and a man entered the room .
“ I was told that you wanted to see the cabman of No. 2704 , ”he said . “I have come to ask you what you have against me .”
“ I have nothing against you , my good fellow ,”said Holmes . “ On the contrary , if you give me a clear answer to my question , I shall reward you .”
“Well , what did you want to ask , sir ? ”
“First of all your name and address . ”
“John Clayton , 3 , Turpey Street .”
Holmes put it down . “Now , Clayton ,” he said , “tell me all about the gentleman who was in your cab this morning . He was watching the house at ten o\'clock and then he followed two gentlemen down Regent Street .”
The cabman looked a little embarrassed . “You seem to know everything , ”he said . “But you see , the gentleman told me that he was a detective and I must not speak to anyone about him .”
“My good fellow , this is a very serious business and your position will be very bad if you try to hide anything from me . Did the gentleman say anything else ?”
“He told me his name .”
“His name ? What was it ?”
“ It was Mr. Sherlock Holmes , ” answered tha cabman .
For a moment Holmes was too much surprised to speak . Then he burst into a hearty laugh . “Excellent !” he exclaimed . “Now , Clayton , tell me all about him .”
“Well , sir , he stopped me at half-past nine in Trafalgar Square . He said that he was a detective and offered me two sovereigns (金鎊) if I did exactly what he wanted all day and asked no questions . I was glad to agree . First we drove to the Northumberland Hotel and waited there until two gentlemen came out and took a cab in the street . We followed their cab until it stopped somewhere near this house . We waited for about an hour . Then the two gentlemen passed us walking and we followed them along ”
“ I know ,” said Holmes , “go on .”
“So we were following them down Regent Street when suddenly my gentleman closed the window and cried to me drive as fast as I could to Waterloo Station . We were there in ten minutes . He paid me two sovereigns and went into the station . At the last moment he turned round and said : ‘It may interest you know that you have driven Mr. Sherlock Holmes .’That is all .”
Holmes laughed :“So his name was Sherlock Holmes , he said ?”
“Yes , sir , that was the gentleman\'s name . ”
“And can you describe that gentleman .”
The cabman scratched his head . “ Well , it isn\'t so easy to describe him . He is about forty and is of middle height . He has a black beard and a pale face . That is all I can say about him .”
“ Well then , here is your half-sovereign , and you will have another one if you can bring any more information . Good night ! ”
When the cabman had gone , Holmes turned to his friend with a sad smile : “ Our enemy is cunning , Waston , ” he said . “ This time he has beaten me . It\'s a dangerous business and I shall be happy when you return safe and sound to London again .”
Chapter VII
AT BASKERVILLE HALL ( 在巴斯克維爾莊園 )
On the appointed (約定) day , Sir Henry Baskerville and Dr. Mortimer were at the station . Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Waston soon joined them there .
“ I don\'t want you to make any judgements , Waston. ” said Homles to his friend , taking him aside . “I only want you to report all the possible facts to me .”
“ What sort of facts ? ” asked Waston .
“ Everything that has the smallest connection with this case ?/FONT> and especially the relations between Sir Henry and his neighbours . If you hear of any new details connected with the death of Sir Charles , do let me know . And study the people who live on the moor near Baskerville Hall ?/FONT> the Barrymores , Dr. Mmortimer , the naturalist Stapleton and his sister , Mr. Frankland and one or two other neighbours . ”
“ I will do my best . ”
“ Have you taken arms ? ”
“ Yes , I thought it necessary .”
“ Certainly . Keep your revolver (左輪手槍) near you day and night and be very careful . ”
“ I will , my dear friend . Don\'t worry . ”
By the way , Sir Henry , ” said Holmes , turning to young Baskerville who was talking to Dr. Mortimer , “ have you found your black boot ?”
“ No , Mr. Holmes , it has disappeared . ”
“That\'s very interesting . Well , goodbye ,” he added as the train began to move , “ and remember , Sir Henry , don\'t walk on the moor alone when it is dark .”
When they were on their way , Sir Henry , who was looking out of the window , seemed happy to see the land where he had spent his childhood . The train stopped at a small station and the three men got out . A carriage with a pair of horses was waiting for them . The station was a quiet , pleasant spot and Waston was surprised to see two soldiers standing by the station gate . They looked at all the passers-by . The coachman greeted Sir Henry and soon the carriage with the three men was rolling swiftly along the road . On the top of the hill there stood another soldier . He was watching the road . The coachman explained to them that a prisoner had escaped from the prison of Princetown and was hiding on the moor . The man was a dangerous murderer , and the soldiers had received orders to watch every road and every station , but they had not yet found him . Somewhere there , on the dark moor, was this terrible man , hiding in a hole like a beast . This made the wild and sad place seem still wilder and sadder . Soon the road turned sharply and the wide , silent moor came in sight . A few minutes later the carriage stopped before a large house from which rose two high narrow towers .
“ Welcome to Baskerville Hall , Sir Henry , ” said a tall man with a black beard , opening the door of the carriage . It was Barrymore , the servant . His wife came forward to help take down the luggage as well .
Dr. Mortimer refused to stay for dinner , saying that his wife was expecting him back . He said goodbye to Sir Henry and Waston and then the carriage rolled away . The two men entered the hall . It was a very fine hall , large high , with a great old-fashioned fireplace . The Barrymores had taken the luggage to the bedroom .
Barrymore came up to ask : “Will you have dinner now , sir ? ”
“ Is it ready ? ”
“ Yes , sir . I should like to tell you that my wife and I will be happy to serve you for some time , but then we should like to go . ”
“ But why ? ” Sir Henry asked in surprise .
“ You see , sir , the death of Sir Charles has made this house very unpleasant to us . ”
“ Well , we shall speak about this later . Now show us the dinning-room . My friend and I are hungry after our journey . ”
A few minutes later Sir Henry and Waston were seated at the dinner table . The room was dark and gloomy (郁悶) . There was a long line of old family portraits on the wall and their silent company was not pleasant . The two men talked little and when dinner was over they were happy to go to the modern billiard-room and smoke a cigarette .
“ It isn\'t a very cheerful place , ” said Sir Henry . “ I am not surprised that my poor uncle felt nervous in such an gloomy house . But let us go to bed early tonight , perhaps in the morning we shall feel more cheerful .”
They said good night to each other and went to their rooms . Before going to bed Waston opened the window and looked out . In the cold light of the moon he could see the strange moor . Everything was silent around . Waston went to bed . He was very tired , yet he could not sleep . Far away a clock struck twelve . Suddenly the stillness of the night was broken by an unexpected sound . It was the sobbing (啜泣) of a woman . Waston sat up in bed and listened all ears . The woman was sobbing not far away , certainly in the house . The sound stopped suddenly as it had began . For half an hour Waston waited to hear the sound again , but all was still .
Chapter VIII
DR. WASTON MEETS STAPLETON ,
THE NATURALIST
( 華生醫(yī)師同生物學(xué)家斯臺(tái)普頓的會(huì)見(jiàn) )
The next morning it was bright and sunny , and the room looked quite cheerful as Sir Henry and Waston sat down to breakfast .
“ We were tired and cold after our journey last night , ” said Sir Henry , “ so the place seemed uncomfortable . Now , after a good rest , we are fresh and well and the house is more cheerful . ”
“ That\'s true , but didn\' t you hear the sobbing of a woman in the night ? ”
“ It\'s strange ,”said Sir Henry in a loud voice , “ for when I was half-asleep , I heard something of the sort . I thought it took place in my dream .”
“I heard it clearly and I am sure that it was really the sobbing of a woman ,”said Waston .
“ We shall ask Barrymore about it , ” said Sir Henry ringing the bell .
Barrymore became pale when he

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