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Unit 21 Karl Marx
教學目標
知識目標
一、教學目標與目標
通過本單元教學，使學生進一步掌握過去完成時的用法，并復習一般過去時態(tài)。通過學習馬克思如何學習外語來了解外語學習的重要性及這位偉人的科學精神。
二、教學重點與難點
l．重點詞匯 force; rapid; praise; encourage; have a talk with; come across; make progress; before long; move on; keep on (doing something); translate. . . into. . .
2．重要句型 1) In 1849, he went to England and made London the base for his revolutionary work. 2) He made such rapid progress that before long he began to write articles in English for an American newspaper. 3) His English was so good that Engels wrote him a letter and praised him for it. 4) He found it important to study the situation in Russia.
3．語法掌握過去完成時的用法；復習一般過去時：1) Marx had learnt some English before he got to England. 2) After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English. 3) When all his money had gone, Marx had to leave his house in London.
4．日常交際用語談論語言學習（Talking about language study）：
1) How are you getting on with your English lessons? 2) My grammar is improving, but I find idioms and useful expressions hard to learn. 3) Which do you find easiest/most difficult—listening, speaking, reading or writing? 4) If you have a problem with. . . , you should . . .
能力知識
1．掌握本單元的重點詞匯、詞組和句型，并能寫一篇描寫人物的短文。
2．一般過去時與過去完成時的區(qū)別。
德育目標
通過本單元的學習，使學生認識到馬克思的一生是偉大的一生，要向馬克思學習，從小樹立遠大的理想；用馬克思學習外語的精神來感染學生，從而培養(yǎng)學生克服困難的頑強意志和毅力。更值得我們每一個人學習的是他的那種“活到老，學到老”的美德。
教學建議
課文分析
本單元閱讀通過馬克思學習外語一事來說明外語學習的重要性，其中介紹了一些有關(guān)外語學習的方法，都可以供作借鑒。分為三部分：
Part 1 (Paragraph 1) Brief introduction to Karl Marx before the year 1849, in which year he made London the base for his revolutionary work
Part 2 (Paragraphs 2-5) Marx's success in learning English and Russian and his advice on how to learn a foreign language
Part 3 (Paragraphs 6-8) Marx and Engels started a new programme called “Communism”.
卡爾·馬克思的生平以時間為順序列表如下：
In 1818
was born in Germany
as a young man
was forced to leave his homeland for political reasons; went to Belgium and France.
in April 1841
received his doctor’s degree
in 1849
went to England; made London the base for his revolutionary work
later
started working hard to improve his English; made rapid progress
in 1853
wrote articles in English; was praised; was encouraged; was not sure about two things
later
kept on studying and using English
in the 1870s
began to learn Russian; read articles and reports in Russian
對話建議
1.教師可采取口語對比形式，詞匯分析來學習本對話。如：catch a cold與have a cold區(qū)別，cut down與cut up區(qū)別。 2.教師把本對話按一個聽力課形式給學生播放。
教師讓學生大聲朗讀對話，兩個人一組，使學生有互相交流的機會。然后看視頻，教師提問，練習等。
3.教師給學生寫出how to learn English，組織幾個學生進行對話交流。如：
A:I find English is difficult to learn, how do you think of that?
B: That’s right.
A. Do you have some good ideas to learn it ?
B: I often learn from the ways of some of people ,you should listening, speaking, reading ,writing or practicing?
A: Really?
本單元教學建議
Lesson 81
1. Practise the dialogue in pairs.
2. Have a discussion in groups about English studies,
Lesson 82
1. Talk about the picture to say sth. about Karl Marx.
2. Answer the questions in workbook L. 82, part 1.
3. Recite the text.
Lesson 83
1. Recite the text one paragraph after another.
2. Read the second part of the text quickly and try to find the answer to this question:
What did Marx write together with Engels during 1840s?
Lesson 84
After finishing the listening test, ask the students to say something about Chinese great person and write it down after class.
詞匯理解
before long, long before
before long表示“不久”，相當于soon，是一個介詞短語，可用在過去時、將來時和現(xiàn)在時的句子中。
long before表示“很久以前”“在……以前很久”，可用于過去時或過去完成時的句子中。before 可以是副詞、介詞、連詞。要注意“It is not long before+從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中的not long before表示“不久……”。
She said she had seen the film long before. 她說她很久以前就看過這部電影。
I'll see the film before long 我不久就要看這部電影。
fast, quick, rapid
這三個詞都可作“快”解。
fast多指運動著的人或物體，本身具有高速度的特點。
quick一般用于指迅速的、一瞬間的或短暫的動作與反應，側(cè)重“匆忙”的含義，不強調(diào)速度。
rapid常與fast相互換用，但側(cè)重動作本身，有急促的含義，它所指的動作可能是一個或一連串的。rapid還用來指水流急速。
The winning car reached a speed of forty miles——much faster than any of its rivals.
獲勝的那輛車的時速達到40英里——比它的任何競爭者要快得多。
…they quickly dragged the drunk to safety. 他們迅速地把醉漢拖到安全處。
It is a rapid river. 那是一條湍急的河流。
catch a cold ,have a cold
這兩個動詞短語均可作“感冒”解，但具體運用時是有區(qū)別的。
l)catch a cold強調(diào)“感冒”的行為，have a cold表示“感冒”持續(xù)的狀態(tài)。
Yesterday he caught a cold. 昨天他患了感冒。
He has a bad cold now. 他現(xiàn)在感冒了。
2)catch a cold不可與表示一段時間的狀語連用，而have a cold of可以。
3)catch a cold中的a可以省略，但cold前有形容詞修飾時則不能省略；have a cold中的a不能省，在口語中它等于have got a cold.
Put on more clothes or you'll catch (a) cold. 多穿點衣服，要不然會感冒的。
She has had a cold for two weeks. 她感冒兩周了。
keep on doing ,keep doing
l) keep on doing相當于go on doing, 指動作、行為有間歇之后繼續(xù)進行，也指長期堅持某事。
After a rest, she kept on working. 休息之后，她繼續(xù)工作。
He kept on asking the same question. 她老是問著同一個問題。
2) keep doing指動作不間斷地繼續(xù)著。如：
It kept raining the whole night. 雨不停地下了一整夜。
3)keep on doing 與 keep doing 二者可以換用；一般都不接表示靜止狀態(tài)的詞，如
standing; sitting, lying, sleeping等。如：
Why do they keep (on) laughing all the time? 他們?yōu)槭裁蠢鲜切�不停?
I've learned about 1,000 words, but I keep (on) forgetting some of them. 我大約學了1000個單詞，可有些單詞老是記不住。
advice，advise
均可表示“建議、勸告”之意 ，其區(qū)別是：
l)advice為不可數(shù)名詞，無復數(shù)形式，不能與定冠詞連用。請記住下列結(jié)構(gòu)：
a piece of advice 一條建議 two pieces of advice 兩條建議
some advice 一些建議 follow/take one's advice 聽從某人勸告
give sb. some advice on sth./give sb. advice on doing sth./ give sb. advice on how to do sth. 就… …給某人提建議
2)advise是動詞，常用于下列結(jié)構(gòu)中：
advise +名詞/代詞
advise sb. to do sth. advise+ that+ sb. + (should) do sth.
He advised you to give up smoking.他勸你把煙戒了。
I advised she (should) study English well.我勸她把英語學好。
cut down, cut up
cut down可用來表示“砍倒”；“減少”；“降低”；“縮短”。如：
The boy cut down the young tree with an axe. 那小孩斧子砍倒了小樹。
cut up可用來表示“切碎”。如：
The man first cut the tree down and then cut it up. 那人先把樹砍倒，然后把它劈成碎片。
force, make
force與make 都有“迫使”的意思，但在意義上和用法上有所區(qū)別。
force含有暴力威脅之意，其結(jié)構(gòu)是force+名詞+to do sth.
The policemen forced the boys to stop fighting.警察們迫使男孩子們停止打斗。
He was forced to give up and put in prison. 他被迫投降并被關(guān)進了監(jiān)獄。
make用法比較廣泛，它所表示的強迫意義有時不如force強，常用的句型結(jié)構(gòu)make sb do sth.
What makes you think so? 你怎么會這樣想呢?
The children were made to keep their room clean and tidy. 要求孩子們保持房間的干凈和整潔。
課文重點分析
He received his doctor’s degree in April 1841.他在1841年4月獲得了博士學位。
句中的doctor是博士，這是大學授予的最高學位，學位（degree）分三種：
學士：Bachelor of Arts (B.A) 文學士 Bachelor of Science (B. Sc)理學士
碩士：Master of Arts (M. A)文學碩士 Master of Science (M. Sc)理學碩士
博士：Doctor of laws 法學博士 Doctor of philosophy博士
Doctor of medicine 醫(yī)學博士
However, he went on to explain that he was not too sure about two things.
1)go on to do和go on doing
都是繼續(xù)做某事,前者是做完一件事之后，接下來做另一件事，而后者則是繼續(xù)做同一件事。
After I finished my English,1 went on to do Chinese.做完英語作業(yè)之后，我接著做語文作業(yè)。
It was raining, but the farmers went on working in the field.天下著雨，但農(nóng)民們?nèi)岳^續(xù)在地里干活。
2)be sure about/of sth. 或 be sure that…“對……有把握”
I want to buy a pair of shoes for my brother, but I’m not sure about his size. 我想給弟弟買雙鞋，但不清楚他穿多大號的。
Are you sure that you locked the door?你肯定鎖門了嗎？
注：be sure 后面還可跟whether, where等引導的從句。
I am not sure whether they could come or not.我不能肯定他們是否能來。
John was sure where he left his watch.約翰確信他把手表放在那里了。
另外：be sure to do sth. 表示務必做某事
Be sure to turn off the gas before you leave the room. 你走之前務必把煤氣關(guān)好。
….his English in one of those articles was so good that Engels praised him for it.他的英語在一篇文章里非常好，因此恩格斯表揚了他。
A: so + adj. / adv. +that
B: so + adj. +可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)+that
C: such + a + adj. +不可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)+that
D: such + adj. +可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)+that
E: such + adj. +不可數(shù)名詞+that
練習：用so, such, such a填空：
(1)She speaks ________fast that I can't follow him.
(2)The film is ________ good that I want to see it again.
(3)It is ________ good film that I want to see it again.
(4)They are ________rare (稀少的) animals that only a few people have seen them in the world.
(5)He brought us _____ surprising news that all of us were shocked（震驚）。
(6)She is ________ beautiful a girl that we all like her very much.
Key: (1)so (2)so (3)such a (4)such (5)such (6)so
注：當名詞前的修飾詞是many, much, little, few 時，應將such改成so, 如：
(1) There are so many books that I hardly know which one to be chosen.
(2) There is so much noise that I cannot hear what she is talking about.
praise sb. for…由于……表揚某人。類似的說法還有：
Thank you for your help.
I'm sorry for my rudeness（粗魯）.
Excuse me for my being late.
You must apologize (道歉) for what you have said.
Yang Mei is having a talk with her teacher Sara about learning English.楊梅正就英語學習問題和她的老師薩拉談話。
有關(guān)have的習語：
“have +賓語”常用來表示一個短時間的動作。不能將have簡單地理解為“有”。它和一些詞語搭配，表現(xiàn)了英語的習慣用法的一些意思——它可表示eat, drink, take. to. enjoy等，其意義視后面所跟名詞而定。如：
have breakfast (lunch, supper) 吃早（中、晚）飯
have a lesson 上一堂課 have a song 唱一支歌
have a look 看一看 have a talk 談一談
have a drink 喝一杯 have a joke 開個玩笑
have a rest 休息一下 have a walk 散散步
have a ride 騎馬 have a swim 游泳
have a wash 洗臉（澡） have a meeting 開會
have a party 舉行一次聚會 have a test 測試
have an accident 出事故 have a letter 收到一封信
have a cold 患感冒 have a headache 患頭痛
have a baby 生小孩 have a fire 生火
have a cold wet day 天氣又冷又溫
have a good holiday 度過愉快的假日
have a problem with→find…difficult 在…方面遇到困難
My grammar is improving, but I find idioms and useful expressions hard to learn. 我的語法學習在提高，但是我覺得習慣用語和有用詞語很難學。
1)improve在此作不及物動詞，意為“改進；提高”。如：
He is improving in health. 他的身體在好轉(zhuǎn)。
2)find在此意為“發(fā)現(xiàn)；覺得”，后面跟的是復合賓語結(jié)構(gòu)，即“find + sb. / sth. +adj +不定式”，idioms and useful expressions是賓語，hard to learn是賓語補足語。如：
Do you find “Radio English on Sunday” easy to understand? 你覺得“星期日廣播英語”容易聽懂嗎?
a. 名詞/代詞十形容詞。如：
I find idioms and useful expressions hard to learn.我發(fā)現(xiàn)習語和慣用法很難學。
I find listening really hard.我發(fā)現(xiàn)聽真是很難。
有時將形式賓語it放在賓語的位置，而將真正賓語(不定式或從句)放在賓語補足語(形容詞)之后。如：
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.馬克思發(fā)現(xiàn)研究俄國形勢很重要。
b. 名詞，代詞十名詞。如：
They found it the necklace they had been looking for.他們發(fā)現(xiàn)這是他們一直在尋找的項鏈。
You'll find a knowledge of English a must in international trade today.你將會發(fā)現(xiàn)懂英語在今天的國際貿(mào)易中是必要的。
c. 名詞/代詞上副詞。如：
We found him in/out.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他在家(不在家)。
d. 名詞/代詞+介詞短語。如:
When we arrived, we found him in bed. 我們到達時，發(fā)現(xiàn)他在床上。
e. 名詞/代詞+v-ing形式。如：
We have found him waiting to receive us. 我們已發(fā)現(xiàn)他在等著接待我們。
f. 名詞/代詞十過去分詞。如，
She found the letter gone. 她發(fā)現(xiàn)信不見了。
g. 名詞/代詞+不定式to be短語。如：
He found himself (to do) in a dark forest. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在黑暗的森林里。
過去完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別
區(qū)別：
1）一般過去時表示過去時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)；
He went home yesterday. 他昨天回家了。
過去完成時表示在過去某一時間或動作之前己完成的動作或狀態(tài)，即“過去的過去”，常與by，before等表示過去的介詞短語連用。強調(diào)過去某一動作發(fā)生在另一動作之前時，常用過去完成時。如：
He had gone home when I got to his office. 當我到他的辦公室時，他早已回家了
By the end of last term-we had learnt about 1,500 English words. 到上期期末，我們已學了大約1500個英語單詞。
2)在連詞before，after引導的從句中，由于連詞本身的意義已經(jīng)說明主句和從句兩個動作先后發(fā)生的關(guān)系，兩個動作都可以用一般過去時，有時也可用過去完成時，強調(diào)動作的完成。如：
After he (had) arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.馬克思到英國后，他努力學習以提高英語水平。
He went on watching TV, after his father (had) left. 他父親走后，他繼續(xù)看電視。
Marx (had) learnt some English before he got to England. 馬克思到英國之前就學過一些英語。
Lesson 81教學設(shè)計方案
Teaching Aims
1. Learn some useful words about English lesson:
idiom, expression, listening, speaking, reading, writing, grammar, vocabulary, spelling, pronunciation.
2. Study the language points concerned with the dialogue.
Step 1Presentation
Find out the idioms in the dialogue. ( have a cold, catch a cold. cut down, cut up)
Step 2 Listening
Listen to the tape and then answer the questions in Workbook Lesson, 81, Part 1.
Step 3 Language points
Go through the dialogue briefly and deal with the language points.
Step 4 Oral practise
Scene1: Make a dialogue and give some advise(in pairs)
Someone has a lot of difficulty in spelling, he just can’t spell the words correctly . Sometimes he adds some letters, other times he misses some letters. He always makes mistakes in spelling and he is very worried.
Scene2: Make a dialogue and give some suggestions(group work)
Someone has a lot of difficulty in pronunciation. Though she tries hard, she just can not pronounce the words correctly. She knows that the teacher on the tape does not read English in the way she does, but she does not know how to improve her pronunciation.
Step 5 Workbook
Do the exercises in Workbook Lesson 81.
Step 6 Homework
Preparation the Lesson 82.
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