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英語商務(wù)合同常識

時(shí)間:2023-02-17 02:10:03 合同范本 我要投稿
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英語商務(wù)合同常識

英語商務(wù)合同常識

英語商務(wù)合同常識

 1 格式固定

  格式問題,一般原則是客從主人。應(yīng)用文體的許多格式,都是沿用已久的,具有相對固定的含義,同業(yè)見之,照此辦理,節(jié)省時(shí)間,沒有必要標(biāo)新立異。如英文外貿(mào)信函中的結(jié)尾套語,在大多數(shù)場合,使用 “yours faithfully”或 “yours sincerely”就足夠了。合同的開頭往往都十分相似的,比如:

  This contract is made and entered into this__day of__, one thousand nine hundred __by and between__ Co., at --(hereinafter referred to as Party A) and __ Co., at__ (hereinafter referred to as Party B).

  本合同于19__年__月__日由__公司,地址:__(以下簡稱甲方)與__公司,地址:__(以下簡稱乙方)簽訂。

  2 語體莊重

  應(yīng)用文體,雖有平易化的趨勢,但除少數(shù)體式外(如廣告),總的說來,措辭簡明、莊重,屬于正式書面語體,翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)避免使用口語詞語。酌情使用文言虛詞及其它書面詞語,往往可以起到言簡意賅的效果,也可以改善長句的分、接問題。

  現(xiàn)代漢語應(yīng)用文體習(xí)用語 現(xiàn)代漢語普通話用語

  即(連詞;副詞) 也就是;立刻、馬上

  茲、現(xiàn)、今(副詞) 現(xiàn)在

  均、皆、概(副詞) 都、全

  本(代詞) 我們、這個(gè)

  如(連詞) 如果

  之(助詞) 的(用于名詞性偏正結(jié)構(gòu)中)

  未(副詞) 沒有

  至(介詞) 到

  系(動詞) 是

  業(yè)已(副詞) 已經(jīng)

  此處(代詞、形容詞) 這里

  一味(副詞) (無對應(yīng)詞)

  與否(助詞) (位于肯定的動詞或形容詞后,“X與否”,相當(dāng)于“X不X”)

  以上只是部分詞語,旨在引起學(xué)習(xí)者注意,請看下面一些譯例:

  1) We should appreciate a prompt reply.

  如蒙即復(fù),不勝感激。

  2) On condition that your order is more than 2 000 tons, we are prepared to offer special price of US $9.10 per set, a 5% discount.

  如定購2 000噸以上,我方準(zhǔn)備特價(jià)報(bào)盤,每套9.10美元,即給5%的折扣

  3) This is to certify that the English translated copy attached hereto is in conformity with the Chinese original copy.

  茲證明,英文譯本與中文正本內(nèi)容相符。

  4) In reply to your inquiry of 25th March, we are pleased to offer you the following:

  現(xiàn)函復(fù)貴方3月25日詢價(jià),并報(bào)盤如下:

  5) This Contract shall come into force from the date of execution hereof by the Buyer and the Builder.

  本合同自買方和建造方簽約之日生效。

  6) According to the terms agreed upon, we have drawn on you at sight against shipment through Bank of China here. We would ask you to protect the draft upon presentation.

  根據(jù)雙方協(xié)議條款,我們已開具了這批船貨的即期匯票,通過此處中國銀行轉(zhuǎn)去,請見票即付。

  在英文的法律文件和商貿(mào)信函中,也有一套慣用的詞語。這些詞語,雖“言之無物”,但酌情使用,能給人一種正式文書的持重感。

  現(xiàn)代英語應(yīng)用文體習(xí)用語 現(xiàn)代英語普通話用語

  hereby (adv.) by this means

  herein(adv.) in this

  hereof(adv.) of, or concerning this

  hereto(adv.) to this

  herewith(adv.) with this

  whereby(adv.) by which

  7) The undersigned hereby certifies that the goods to be supplied are produced in Japan.

  下述簽署人茲保證,供貨將在日本國內(nèi)制造。

  8) Please find herein a list of chemicals available at present.

  附寄目前可供化工產(chǎn)品貨單一紙,請查收。

  9) This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller, whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stipulated below.

  買賣雙方同意按下列條款購買、出售下述商品,并簽訂本合同。

  10)中國__公司與__國__公司遵照《中華人民共和國中外合資經(jīng)營法》及有關(guān)法律的規(guī)定,本著平等互利的原則, 同意共同投資興辦合資經(jīng)營企業(yè), 茲簽訂本合同. In accordance with the stipulations of “The Law of the People’s Republic of China on Joint Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment” and other related laws and rules, and on the basis of equality and mutual benefit, __ of the People’s Republic of China(PRC) and __ of __ , both agree to establish a Joint Venture Enterprise with joint investment and hereby sign this contract.

  應(yīng)用文體, 漢語和英語, 其習(xí)語都各成系統(tǒng)。從上面的譯例看,似乎漢語中的“茲”相當(dāng)于英語中的 “hereby”。事實(shí)上,在英漢互譯中,這兩個(gè)詞并非能處處對號入座,其它的詞更是如此。這些習(xí)語的使用,與其說是 “句意”的要求,不如說是“文體”的要求。因此,根據(jù)各自語言表達(dá)的需要,有時(shí)可適當(dāng)增譯,如例3)增譯了 “茲”,例4)增譯了“現(xiàn)”;有時(shí)又宜省譯,如例9)省譯了 “whereby”。

  3 措辭婉約

  俗話說:“和氣生財(cái)!保www.qkfawen.com)這是生意人的金科玉律。因此,英語外貿(mào)信函等應(yīng)用文體,措辭十分講究分寸、得體,避免刺激對方,即使是向?qū)Ψ奖г梗踔了髻r,也是彬彬有禮,十分婉轉(zhuǎn)。請看下面的例子,注意劃線部分:

  1) We wish to advise you that the relative L/C has been established.

  茲通知,有關(guān)信用證業(yè)已開出。

  2) I’m afraid we can’t accept your counterbid.

  很抱歉,我們無法接受你方還盤。

  3) I’m afraid we can’t come to terms if you won’t give us 3% discount.

  如果不給3%的折扣,我們恐怕很難成交。

  4) We are looking forward to the pleasure of hearing from you again soon

  .盼早日收到你方回復(fù)。

  5) Your immediate attention would be appreciated.

  請即辦理為荷。

  6) You must deliver the goods on board the S.S. “East Wind” within the time limit as stipulated in our contract, otherwise dead freight, if any, should be borne by you.

  你方必須按合同規(guī)定的期限將貨裝上 “東風(fēng)輪”,否則,空艙費(fèi)將由你方負(fù)責(zé)。

  7) We are pleased to inform you that goods have been dispatched today.

  貨物今日業(yè)已啟運(yùn),特此奉告。

  8) We are interested in discussing arts and crafts business with you.

  我們有意與你們洽談工藝品業(yè)務(wù)。

  9) We are glad to learn from your letter of 21 October that you have decided to place a large order for a number of items included in our quotation of 11 October.

  從10月21日來函欣悉,貴公司決定按我公司10月11日報(bào)價(jià)單大量定購我公司多種產(chǎn)品。

  10)We might say that our products are the very best on the market.

  順便奉告,我方產(chǎn)品在市場上獨(dú)占鰲頭。

  11)We presume that there must be some reason for your having trouble with this article.

  我方產(chǎn)品給你們帶來麻煩,諒必事出有因。

  類似例子,舉不勝舉,希望引起注意。上面的譯文,雖非“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”答案,但仔細(xì)對照,我們可以悟出一些翻譯原理。比如例1),如果逐詞譯出: “我們愿告訴你有關(guān)信用證已開出”,就會不倫不類,,讓人啼笑皆非。因此,在英漢互譯時(shí),遇上類似的語句,必須注意增減變通,以期與譯語語體相吻合。

  此外,漢語的應(yīng)用文體,還有一套敬語,在英漢互譯時(shí)要注意靈活轉(zhuǎn)換。

  4 行文嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)

  應(yīng)用文體屬記實(shí)性文體,行文準(zhǔn)確、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)是其一大特色。試看下面一段文章:

  付款條件:

  Terms of payment:

  (1) 離岸價(jià)條款:

  a. 按合同規(guī)定賣方應(yīng)在裝運(yùn)之前30天用電報(bào)或函件通知買方合同號碼、品名、數(shù)量、價(jià)值、箱號、毛重、尺寸及可在發(fā)運(yùn)港口交貨,以便買方訂艙。

  (1)In case of F.O.B. Terms

  a. The Seller shall, 30 days before the date of shipment stipulated in the contract, advise the Buyer by cable / letter of the Contract NO. , commodity, quantity, value, number of package, gross weight, measurement and the date of readiness at the port of shipment for the Buyer to book shipping space.

  b. 賣方對運(yùn)貨船抵達(dá)后由于未能按期將貨物運(yùn)交裝運(yùn)港口而造成的誤船或滯留裝運(yùn)應(yīng)承擔(dān)責(zé)任。

  b. The Seller shall be liable for any dead freight or demurrage(逾期費(fèi)), should it happen that he has failed to have the commodity ready for loading after the carrying vessel has arrived at the port of shipment on time.

  c. 在貨物裝運(yùn)之前,賣方應(yīng)承擔(dān)貨物的全部費(fèi)用與風(fēng)險(xiǎn),而在貨物裝運(yùn)之后,貨物的全部費(fèi)用則由買方承擔(dān)。

  c. The Seller shall bear all expenses, risks of the commodity before it passes over the vessel’s rail and is released from the tackle. After it has passed over the vessel’s rail and has been released from the tackle, all expenses of the commodity shall be for the Buyer’s account.

  以上是一份“售購合同”付款條件的一部分,給人的感覺是:行文刻板、拘謹(jǐn)、單調(diào),但條理清楚、措辭準(zhǔn)確、滴水不漏。 應(yīng)用文體,大至國家法規(guī),國際經(jīng)濟(jì)組織章程和文件,小至某項(xiàng)業(yè)務(wù)的合同,各類涉外公證書、信用證、提單等,都是具有法律效力的文件與單證。擬稿或翻譯時(shí)稍有差錯(cuò),往往導(dǎo)致貿(mào)易糾紛,造成經(jīng)濟(jì)損失,甚至帶來不良的政治影響。要避免錯(cuò)誤,譯者宜注意以下幾個(gè)方面:

 。ㄒ唬┙y(tǒng)一譯名,避免歧義

  應(yīng)用文體中,一些術(shù)語或關(guān)鍵詞,都有嚴(yán)格的意義。在同一篇材料里,為了避免造成概念混亂,使讀者疑為另有所指,原則上要求譯名保持前后一致。如果一開始將 “technical know-how”譯成“專有技術(shù)”,就不要中途改譯“技術(shù)秘密”或“專門技術(shù)”;如果一開始將 “information”譯為“情報(bào)”,就不要中途改譯“信息”。在重要的合同里,關(guān)鍵詞都會有明確的書面定義。例如:

  Section 1:Party A shall deliver to Party B as soon as possible after this Agreement becomes effective, but in any event within 60 days thereafter, at Party B’s address set forth above, all the Technical and Sales Information relating to Licensed Product.

  第一條:甲方應(yīng)盡快在協(xié)議生效后,或最遲在本協(xié)議生效后六十天內(nèi),按上開乙方地址交給乙方有關(guān)特許產(chǎn)品的全部技術(shù)與銷售情報(bào)。

  Definitions

  Section1. The term Technical and Sales Information as used herein shall mean all data and information which A owns on the date hereof or develop or acquire during the term of this agreement , and which relates to the manufacture and / or sale of licensed Products and includes assembly and detailed drawings, parts lists, material specifications and manufacturing methods and procedures relating to the licensed Products as well as sales and publicity materials such as catalogs, explanation materials, pamphlets, photographs, layout books, and sales materials.

  定義:

  第一條:本協(xié)議所用“技術(shù)與銷售情報(bào)”的含義,是指甲方在本協(xié)議期間發(fā)展或獲得的,同生產(chǎn)和/ 或銷售“特許產(chǎn)品”有關(guān)的組裝或部分圖紙、配件表、原料規(guī)格、生產(chǎn)方法、生產(chǎn)程序以及推銷宣傳材料,諸如:目錄、使用說明書、小冊子、照片、圖樣書冊和銷售資料等。

  (二) 不厭其詳,但求嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)

  總的說來,應(yīng)用文體措辭簡潔,但另一方面,為了避免歧義或差錯(cuò),擬稿和翻譯時(shí),又要不厭其詳。有些文字,看似多余,但求嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),又是必不可少的。如果將“裝貨 須在4月1日至5月1日完成” 英譯成“Shipment is to be effected during the period beginning on April 1and ending on May 1”,我們就不清楚這個(gè)裝貨期限是否包括4月1日和5月1日這兩天。根據(jù)漢語原意,為明確起見,譯文就應(yīng)增補(bǔ)“both dates inclusive”。

  在“售購合同”里,常會有程式化的句子,如:

  買賣雙方同意,按下列條款由買方購進(jìn),由賣方出售下述商品,并簽訂本合同。

  譯為:

  The Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller, whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the undermentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stipulated below.

  “合同”的訂立,英語同時(shí)使用了 “by” 和“between”兩個(gè)介詞,這也是英語合同語言嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)囊粋(gè)表現(xiàn),表示該“合同”是由雙方訂立,并在雙方之間執(zhí)行,不涉及任何第三方。再者,如果泛指 “條款”,譯文不能漏掉“conditions”, 因?yàn)槟硞(gè)合同條款的達(dá)成經(jīng)常包括若干條件。以合同中的“支付條款(terms of payment)”為例,在合同簽訂前,買賣雙方首先要商討采用什么方式支付,如:是采用信用證支付,還是采用銀行托收。如果雙方商定采用信用證支付方 式,也就是把 “terms”定下來了。此后雙方須進(jìn)一步商討與此有關(guān)的 “conditions”,比如買方何時(shí)開立信用證,如果買方不按時(shí)開證怎么辦等,這些有關(guān)支付的 “terms” 和“conditions” 合在一起,才構(gòu)成合同中的“支付條款”。

  在外貿(mào)英語里,我們常會看到and / or這樣的結(jié)構(gòu),這種結(jié)構(gòu)的運(yùn)用,也是行文嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)囊粋(gè)表現(xiàn),翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)特別注意不要漏譯。例如:

  Advance freight and/or freight payable at destination shall be paid to the carrier in full, irrespective (regardless) of whatever damage or loss may happen to ship and cargo or either of them.

  預(yù)付運(yùn)費(fèi)和到付運(yùn)費(fèi),或其中之一,無論船舶及所載貨物,或其中之一遭受任何損壞或滅失,都應(yīng)毫不例外地全額付給承運(yùn)人。

 。ㄈ┩魄迷~義,準(zhǔn)確措辭

  涉外文書,往往涉及某項(xiàng)業(yè)務(wù)雙方的權(quán)利和義務(wù),弄不好則發(fā)生糾紛,因此,其譯文質(zhì)量如何,與措辭是否準(zhǔn)確有極大的關(guān)系。措辭要求最為嚴(yán)格的算是涉外合同的翻譯了。為了維護(hù)法律的尊嚴(yán),一詞一語都應(yīng)力求無懈可擊。下面以《中外合資經(jīng)營企業(yè)法》的英譯文為例,加以說明:

  1. 此法中多處提到“外國合營者”和“中國合營者”,起初分別譯為 “foreign partners” 和“Chinese partners”(即“外國合股人”和“中國合股人”),然而 “partner”一詞卻大有空子可鉆。因?yàn)楦鶕?jù)國際慣例,所有“partners”是要共同承擔(dān)經(jīng)濟(jì)責(zé)任和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的。比如,你在中國做生意,但若你的 “partners”未經(jīng)你的同意在美國借了錢,你也必須完全負(fù)責(zé)任。因此,此法定稿時(shí),將“合營者”的譯法全部有“partners”改成了 “participants”。

  2. 此法第八條規(guī)定:“合營者的注冊資本如果轉(zhuǎn)讓須經(jīng)合營各方同意!边@句最初譯為:

  A transfer of the registered capital belonging to any partner shall be effected with the consent of the other partner or partners.

  后來改譯為:

  The transfer of one party’s share in the registered capital shall be effected only with the consent of the other parties to the venture.

  第二種譯法,除未使用“partner” 外,還將“the registered capital belonging to any partner(屬于任何一個(gè)經(jīng)營者的注冊資本)”改為“one party’s share in the registered capital(一個(gè)合營者在注冊資本中所占的份額)”,想來是很有道理的。因?yàn)樽再Y本是整個(gè)企業(yè)的注冊資本,不存在你的或我的注冊資本。

  3. 此法第十條說:“鼓勵(lì)外國合營者將可匯出的外幣存入中國銀行!贝司湓g為:

  A foreign participant shall be encouraged to deposit in the Bank of China any part of the foreign exchange which he is entitled to remit abroad.

  后來改譯為:

  A foreign participant shall receive encouragements for depositing in the Bank of China any part of the foreign exchange which he is entitled to remit abroad.

  第二種譯法將 “be encouraged” 改為 “receive encouragements” 兩者的意思是大不一樣的。前者只是道義上的概念,并無法律和經(jīng)濟(jì)上的意義。兩種譯文都增加了“any part”, 這樣處理是不得已的,因?yàn)槿绻蛔g成“any part of the foreign exchange”而譯成“the foreign exchange”, 那就意味著外國合營者只是在將他可以匯出的全部外匯存入中國銀行時(shí)才能受到優(yōu)待,存一部分時(shí)就不受到優(yōu)待,反而與中文意思不符。此外,兩種譯文都將“可匯出的外匯”譯成“which he is entitled to remit abroad”, 而沒有譯成 “which he may remit abroad”, 是因?yàn)椤翱蓞R出,還是不可匯出”,此處是個(gè)法律概念,所以,用 “be entitled(有權(quán))”一語來表達(dá)更為恰當(dāng)。

  除涉外合同外,正式的外貿(mào)函電也具有法律效力,因此,翻譯時(shí)也務(wù)必講究分寸,措辭準(zhǔn)確,這里就不再贅述了。

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